December, the final month of the calendar year, is rich with symbolism and tradition. It marks the celebration of the Winter Solstice, the joy of Christmas, the reverence of Hanukkah, the cultural richness of Kwanzaa, and the anticipation of New Year’s Eve. Amid this tapestry of festivity and renewal lies a unique natural treasure: the December birthstone. Unlike many other months, December is distinguished by having multiple birthstones, each with its own distinct history, gemological properties, and cultural significance.
This article explores the five gemstones officially recognized as December birthstones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. These stones are not only prized for their visual appeal but also for their deep-rooted historical and symbolic meanings. From the ancient world to modern times, each of these gemstones has played a role in human culture, and their inclusion in the December birthstone lineup reflects both their beauty and their versatility.
The following sections will delve into the history and lore surrounding each gemstone, the geological processes that form them, their scientific properties, cultural and metaphysical associations, and care instructions to preserve their beauty. By the end of this guide, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of why December is so uniquely represented in the world of birthstones.
History and Lore
December’s birthstone list has evolved over time, shaped by historical traditions, cultural preferences, and the introduction of new gem discoveries. The earliest known reference to birthstones dates back to the biblical Book of Exodus, which lists twelve stones for the breastplate of Aaron, the High Priest. However, the specific gemstone associated with December in this ancient list was ruby, a stark contrast to the blue-toned gems now linked to the month.
The modern birthstone list, as we know it today, began taking shape in the 19th century. One of the earliest documented references to December’s birthstone appeared in 1870, when Tiffany & Co. published a pamphlet titled “Gregorian Birthstone Poems”, which listed turquoise as the December birthstone. This was followed in 1912 by the National Association of Jewellers (now the Jewellers of America), which added lapis lazuli as an alternative to turquoise. In 1952, the Jewelry Industry Council of America expanded the list to include zircon, and in 2002, tanzanite was officially added, marking the most recent addition to the December birthstone roster.
Each gemstone has its own unique journey to becoming associated with December:
- Turquoise has been revered for thousands of years, particularly in ancient Egypt, Persia, and the Americas. It was believed to offer protection, good health, and spiritual insight.
- Lapis lazuli, with its deep blue color flecked with gold, was a favorite of royalty and scholars in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. It was considered a stone of wisdom and truth.
- Zircon, especially in its blue variety, was recognized for its brilliance and was once mistaken for a diamond or even a form of topaz.
- Topaz, in its blue hue, became popular in the 20th century as a more affordable and durable alternative to sapphires.
- Tanzanite, the youngest of the group, was discovered in 1967 in Tanzania and quickly gained popularity for its striking violet-blue color and rarity.
These gemstones reflect a blend of historical significance, aesthetic appeal, and cultural symbolism, making December one of the most diverse months in the birthstone tradition.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones is formed through unique geological processes and is found in specific locations around the world. Understanding these origins helps explain their rarity, color variations, and value.
Zircon
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with some zircon crystals dating back 4.4 billion years. It forms in igneous rocks, particularly in granite and metamorphic rocks, and is often found in sedimentary deposits after being eroded from its primary source. The most significant sources of zircon include Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka.
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, giving it a diamond-like brilliance when properly cut. The blue variety, known as blue zircon, is created through heat treatment, which enhances its natural color.
Topaz
Topaz is a silicate mineral that forms in igneous rocks, particularly in granite and pegmatite. It is commonly found in Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, and the United States. Blue topaz, the most popular variety for jewelry, is usually created through irradiation and heat treatment, which enhances the natural blue color.
Topaz is relatively abundant, making it more affordable than many other gemstones. It has a Mohs hardness of 8, which means it is durable and suitable for everyday wear in jewelry.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery, first identified in 1967 in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. It is a variety of the mineral columbite, and its blue to violet color is due to trace amounts of vanadium. Tanzanite is only found in this specific region of northern Tanzania, making it one of the rarest gemstones in the world.
The gem is typically heat-treated to enhance its color, as natural tanzanite is often brown or black. This treatment is permanent and widely accepted in the jewelry industry.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, a deep blue mineral, often mixed with pyrite (which gives it a golden fleck) and calcite. It forms under high pressure and heat in regions where limestone is transformed by contact with other minerals.
The most famous source of lapis lazuli is Afghanistan, where it has been mined for thousands of years. Other sources include Russia, Canada, and the United States.
Lapis lazuli is not a true gemstone in the traditional sense, as it is a rock rather than a single mineral. However, it is highly valued for its rich color and historical significance.
Turquoise
Turquoise is a phosphorus-based mineral that forms in arid regions where copper-rich rocks are exposed to weathering and groundwater. It is most commonly found in cavities and veins in limestone and sandstone.
Major sources of turquoise include the American Southwest (particularly Arizona and Nevada), China, Egypt, and Iran. The color of turquoise varies depending on the presence of copper (greenish tones) or iron (bluish tones), and it is often stabilized with resin or other agents to enhance its durability.
Turquoise is relatively soft (with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6) and porous, which means it requires careful handling and proper cleaning to maintain its appearance.
Gemological Properties
Understanding the physical and chemical properties of each gemstone is essential for both gemologists and jewelry buyers. These properties determine the gem’s durability, appearance, and suitability for different types of jewelry. Below is a breakdown of the key gemological characteristics of December’s birthstones:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Refractive Index (RI) | Specific Gravity | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | Colorless, yellow, blue | 6.5–7.5 | 1.92–2.01 | 4.6–4.7 | Transparent |
| Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH)₂ | Colorless, blue, yellow | 8 | 1.61–1.63 | 3.5–3.6 | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂ | Blue to violet | 6–7 | 1.69–1.71 | 3.1–3.4 | Transparent |
| Lapis Lazuli | Not a single mineral (lazurite, pyrite, calcite) | Deep blue with golden flecks | 5–6 | N/A | 2.4–2.8 | Opaque |
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | Blue to green | 5–6 | 1.61–1.66 | 2.6–2.8 | Opaque to translucent |
Zircon
Zircon is known for its high refractive index and dispersion, giving it a sparkling fire that resembles a diamond. It has a wide range of colors, but blue zircon is the most popular for December. Its hardness of 6.5–7.5 makes it relatively durable, but it can be sensitive to heat and chemicals.
Topaz
Topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, with a Mohs hardness of 8, making it ideal for rings and bracelets. It has a low refractive index, but its clarity and color make it a popular choice for jewelry. Blue topaz, in particular, is often used as an affordable alternative to sapphires.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite has a moderate hardness of 6–7, which means it should be protected from hard impacts and abrasion. It has a high refractive index, which contributes to its velvety appearance. Tanzanite is also pleochroic, meaning it displays different colors depending on the viewing angle.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a rock rather than a single mineral, and as such, it has a lower hardness (5–6) and is opaque. It is often carved into cabochons or inlay pieces rather than faceted gemstones. Its deep blue color and golden flecks make it a unique and decorative gem.
Turquoise
Turquoise has a low hardness (5–6) and is porous, which makes it sensitive to heat, chemicals, and physical damage. It is often stabilized with resin to improve its durability. Its transparency ranges from opaque to translucent, and it is commonly used in cabochons for pendants, earrings, and rings.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
December’s birthstones have long been associated with symbolism and metaphysical properties, reflecting the beliefs and traditions of various cultures throughout history.
Zircon
Zircon is often referred to as the “gem of immortality” due to its ancient origins and enduring brilliance. It is believed to enhance memory, intuition, and spiritual insight, and it is associated with healing, protection, and emotional balance. In ancient times, zircon was thought to bring good fortune and wisdom, and it was used in protective amulets and talismans.
Topaz
Topaz is known as the “stone of strength” and is believed to enhance courage, confidence, and vitality. It is associated with healing the body and mind, and it is often used in energy healing practices. Blue topaz is particularly valued for its calming and soothing properties, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional balance.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is often described as a “stone of transformation”, and it is believed to enhance spiritual growth, intuition, and emotional healing. It is associated with the third eye and crown chakras, making it a powerful tool for meditation and self-discovery. Tanzanite is also believed to attract abundance and prosperity, making it a popular choice for those seeking to manifest their goals.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is one of the oldest known gemstones and has been used for thousands of years in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia. It is associated with wisdom, truth, and enlightenment, and it is believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge. It is also used in spiritual practices to promote inner peace and self-awareness.
Turquoise
Turquoise has long been regarded as a stone of protection, health, and good fortune. It is believed to ward off negative energy, promote healing, and enhance spiritual connection. In many indigenous cultures, turquoise is considered a sacred stone, used in ceremonies, rituals, and protective amulets. It is also associated with feminine energy, intuition, and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones. Due to their varying hardness, porosity, and chemical sensitivity, each gemstone requires specific handling and cleaning methods.
General Care Tips
- Avoid exposure to harsh chemicals, such as household cleaners or perfumes, which can damage the surface or color of the gemstone.
- Store gemstones separately in soft cloth or padded containers to prevent scratching.
- Remove jewelry before swimming, bathing, or engaging in physical activity to avoid impact and chemical exposure.
Zircon
Zircon is relatively durable but should be cleaned gently with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic or steam cleaners, as these can cause thermal shock or damage to the stone’s clarity.
Topaz
Topaz is one of the hardest December birthstones, making it suitable for daily wear. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid heat treatments or harsh chemicals, as these can alter the color or cause internal fractures.
Tanzanite
Tanzanite is relatively soft and sensitive, so it should be handled with care. Clean it with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid exposure to heat or chemicals, as these can alter its color. Tanzanite should also be stored separately to avoid scratching from harder gemstones.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a rock and is porous, so it should be avoided from contact with water or chemicals. Clean it with a dry cloth or a soft brush to remove dust. If it becomes dirty, gently wipe it with a slightly damp cloth and dry it immediately.
Turquoise
Turquoise is very soft and porous, making it highly sensitive to heat, chemicals, and physical impact. It should be cleaned with a dry cloth or a soft brush and should never be submerged in water or exposed to steam or ultrasonic cleaners. If turquoise becomes dirty, gently wipe it with a slightly damp cloth and dry it immediately.
Conclusion
December is one of the most unique months in the birthstone tradition, with five officially recognized gemstones: zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise. Each of these gemstones carries its own historical significance, gemological properties, and symbolic meaning, making them not only beautiful but also deeply meaningful.
From the ancient reverence for turquoise and lapis lazuli to the modern appreciation for tanzanite and blue topaz, December’s birthstones reflect the rich diversity of human culture and the natural world. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, historical value, or spiritual significance, these gemstones offer something for every December-born individual.
For those considering December birthstone jewelry, understanding the care and maintenance of each gem is essential to preserve its beauty and value. With the right knowledge and handling, these gemstones can be enjoyed for generations, serving as both a personal adornment and a connection to history, culture, and nature.