December is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but four officially recognized birthstones: turquoise, blue topaz, blue zircon, and tanzanite. This diverse selection offers a spectrum of blues and greens, each gem carrying its own distinct history, symbolism, and appeal. The addition of tanzanite and blue topaz to the traditional turquoise and blue zircon reflects evolving tastes and marketing efforts within the jewelry industry, ultimately providing December-born individuals with a wider range of choices.
A History of Selection
For many years, turquoise held its place as the sole birthstone for December. The 1912 National Association of Jewelers list recognized only turquoise, reflecting its long-standing cultural significance. Later, blue zircon was added to cater to those desiring a more sparkling gemstone. The discovery of tanzanite in 1967 prompted further consideration, and it was officially recognized as an alternate birthstone in 2002 by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA). Finally, blue topaz joined the ranks in 2016, offering an affordable and durable option for December birthdays. This evolution demonstrates how birthstone designations can adapt to market demands and new gemological discoveries.
Turquoise: The Ancient Sky Stone
Turquoise, as its name suggests, is renowned for its captivating blue-green hues. This opaque gemstone often exhibits veining patterns in black, silver, tan, or gold, resulting from the remnants of the host rock in which it formed. Geologically, turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate, typically found near water tables in arid and semi-arid environments. The sky-blue color is derived from the presence of copper, while iron contributes to the green shades.
Its history is remarkably long, with evidence of its use dating back nearly 6,000 years. Ancient Egyptians mined turquoise in the Sinai desert for scarab amulets, while Persian architects incorporated crushed turquoise into mosque domes. In the American Southwest, Navajo silversmiths revered it as “stone fallen from the sky,” believing it offered protection from thunder gods. Turquoise is believed to calm nerves and is often used as a talisman for travelers, a practice rooted in ancient traditions. It is considered one of the more affordable birthstones, making it accessible to a wider range of buyers. Turquoise is associated with Jupiter, Pisces, and Sagittarius, and is believed to protect energy and provide guidance on challenging paths.
Blue Topaz: A Modern December Favorite
Blue topaz is a silicate mineral containing aluminum and fluorine, characterized by its glass-like luster and a relatively fine cleavage, making it somewhat delicate. It became an official December birthstone in 2002, alongside tanzanite. The gemstone is available in various shades of blue, with London Blue Topaz being particularly prized for its deep, sapphire-like hue. The name "London Blue" originates from a large blue topaz exhibited at the UK Natural History Museum. Blue topaz is often associated with bringing wish and luck to its wearer.
Tanzanite: The Gem of the 20th Century
Tanzanite, a relatively recent addition to the December birthstone family, was discovered in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania in 1967. Initially mistaken for sapphires, it was later identified as a blue variety of the mineral zoisite. Tiffany & Co. played a crucial role in popularizing tanzanite, recognizing its potential but facing a branding challenge due to the unfortunate similarity between “blue zoisite” and “blue suicide.” The company ultimately decided to name the gem “tanzanite” in honor of its country of origin. It was heralded as the “Gem of the 20th Century” and officially recognized as a December birthstone in 2002.
Blue Zircon: A Sparkling Alternative
Blue zircon, added to the December birthstone list in the mid-20th century, provides a sparkling alternative to the more opaque turquoise. While less discussed in the provided sources, its inclusion aimed to satisfy consumers seeking brilliance and fire in their birthstone jewelry.
Gemological Properties at a Glance
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of the December birthstones, based on the provided sources:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color(s) | Luster | Notable Features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Blue-Green | Opaque | Veining patterns, ancient cultural significance |
| Blue Topaz | Aluminum Fluorosilicate | Various shades of Blue | Glass-like | Fine cleavage, delicate |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | Blue-Violet | Vitreous | Relatively recent discovery, named by Tiffany |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | Blue | Adamantine | Sparkle and fire |
Symbolism and Choosing the Right Stone
Each December birthstone carries its own symbolic meaning. Turquoise represents protection and good fortune, while tanzanite symbolizes transformation and spiritual enlightenment. Blue topaz is associated with bringing wish and luck, and blue zircon offers a sparkling aesthetic. The choice of which birthstone to embrace depends on personal preference, style, and the desired symbolism. Considering the cost is also a factor, with turquoise and blue topaz generally being more affordable than tanzanite.
Care and Maintenance
The provided sources do not offer detailed care instructions for each gemstone. However, given blue topaz’s fine cleavage, it is advisable to handle it with care to avoid chipping or breakage. Further research into the specific care requirements of each gem is recommended to ensure its longevity and beauty.
Conclusion
The December birthstones – turquoise, blue topaz, blue zircon, and tanzanite – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gem offers a unique connection to the past and a vibrant expression of personal style. The expanded selection of birthstones for December allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personality and preferences, making it a truly special and meaningful adornment.