Birthstones, as the name implies, are precious colored stones that hold symbolic affiliation to our birth, or more precisely, to our birth month. Each of the twelve months of the year has been dedicated a unique birthstone, or more. These stones are believed to shower those born in the month with exceeding fortunes and a strengthened fortitude. Interestingly, a few of these birthstones also mark their place as befitting gifts for wedding anniversaries. While diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires are often considered the most expensive gemstones, the most common birthstone color is undeniably blue, represented by several different gems across various months. This article will explore the blue birthstones – aquamarine, sapphire, zircon, and tanzanite – detailing their history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance, as understood from available sources.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months is a practice that evolved over time. While connections between gems and zodiac signs existed earlier, the practice of wearing birthstones specifically linked to birth months began in 15th or 16th century Poland. The official standardization of birthstone lists didn’t occur until 1912, when the Jewelers of America compiled a list based largely on commercial availability.
Turquoise, one of the December birthstones, boasts a particularly long history, originating in the 13th century. Its name derives from a French expression meaning “Turkish stone,” reflecting early trade routes. It was frequently incorporated into the traditional attire of Native American cultures, particularly in the southwestern regions of the United States. Ancient beliefs attributed healing powers to aquamarine, specifically for the heart, liver, and stomach.
Sapphires, while known for their deep blue variety, have a long and storied past, serving as symbols of royalty and faith. Zircon, another December birthstone, has been valued for its brilliance, even appearing in colorless forms alongside its blue variations. Tanzanite is a more recent discovery, gaining prominence in the late 20th century, but quickly becoming prized for its intense blue hues.
Geological Formation and Sources
Gemstones are formed through diverse geological processes, often requiring specific conditions of temperature, pressure, and chemical composition. Garnets are found across the globe, including Africa, Asia, South America, and the United States. Amethysts are primarily mined in Zambia, but also occur in South America, Asia, the United States, and Canada. Aquamarine is largely sourced from Brazil. Russia is a major producer of diamonds, closely followed by Africa, India, and Australia. Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia are key sources for emeralds. Alexandrite has been found in Russia, Sri Lanka, and Brazil. Rubies and peridots are mined worldwide. Sapphires, however, are more localized, with significant deposits in Kashmir, Burma (Myanmar), and Sri Lanka.
Turquoise is commonly found in the southwestern regions of the United States. Zircon is mined in varying quantities across the globe, while Tanzanite is found in only one location: Tanzania. The limited geographical source of Tanzanite contributes to its value and exclusivity.
Gemological Properties
The blue birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties that contribute to their unique characteristics and value. Aquamarine, a variety of the mineral beryl, displays a refreshing shade of blue, sometimes with a combination of green. Sapphire, a variety of the mineral corundum, is renowned for its deep blue color but occurs in a rainbow of hues. Zircon, a zirconium silicate, is known for its colorless variety but also appears in blue and other colors. Tanzanite, a calcium aluminum silicate, is prized for its intense blue and violet hues.
The Mohs scale of hardness is a crucial factor in determining a gemstone’s durability. Sapphires and rubies, both corundum, rank 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamonds at 10. This high hardness makes them suitable for everyday wear. Diamonds, as the hardest known material, are excellent for all types of jewelry. Turquoise, however, is relatively softer and requires more careful handling.
Diamonds are not limited to colorless varieties; they naturally occur in a spectrum of colors, including blue, pink, red, orange, yellow, and black. Red diamonds are the rarest and most expensive. The “four C’s” – color, cut, clarity, and carat weight – are the primary factors determining a diamond’s value. The Koh-I-Noor diamond, an oval-shaped stone weighing 105.6 carats, is considered one of the most prestigious and enigmatic jewels in the world.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meanings and believed to possess metaphysical properties. Aquamarine is associated with youth, health, hope, and love. Emeralds symbolize rebirth, fertility, health, and faithfulness, and were reportedly a favorite of Cleopatra. Pearls, historically a June birthstone, have been the subject of numerous myths and legends.
Turquoise is believed to contain special healing powers and promote wealth and good fortune. While specific metaphysical properties are not detailed for sapphire and zircon in the provided sources, their long history of use in jewelry and adornment suggests a deep-rooted cultural significance. Tanzanite, as a more recently discovered gem, is associated with serenity and a calming influence.
Care and Cleaning
The durability of a gemstone influences the appropriate care and cleaning methods. Due to its high hardness, diamonds are relatively resistant to scratching and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Sapphires, also highly durable, can be cleaned similarly. Aquamarine, with a hardness of 7.5-8 on the Mohs scale, requires gentle cleaning to avoid damage. Turquoise, being softer, should be handled with care and cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap. Zircon and Tanzanite also benefit from gentle cleaning methods. It is generally advisable to avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners when cleaning gemstones, as these can potentially cause damage.
Conclusion
The blue birthstones – aquamarine, sapphire, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a diverse range of geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance. From the ancient lore surrounding turquoise to the modern appeal of tanzanite, these gemstones have captivated humanity for centuries. While diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires are often considered the most expensive, the blue birthstones offer a spectrum of beauty, symbolism, and value, making them cherished additions to any jewelry collection. The standardization of birthstone lists in the early 20th century provided a framework for associating these gems with specific months, but the enduring appeal of these stones lies in their inherent beauty and the stories they tell.