For centuries, the sapphire has captivated humanity with its rich hues and enduring symbolism. As the birthstone for September, this gemstone embodies nobility, truth, and faithfulness, holding a prominent place in history, lore, and the world of fine jewelry. While most commonly recognized for its vibrant blue shades, the sapphire exists in a remarkable spectrum of colors, each with its own unique appeal. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of the September birthstone.
History and Lore
The sapphire’s history is deeply intertwined with royalty, religion, and ancient beliefs. Throughout antiquity, civilizations revered the sapphire for its perceived protective qualities. Ancient Greeks believed the gemstone safeguarded wearers from harm and envy, and often consulted sapphires when seeking guidance from oracles. Similarly, ancient Romans held the stone in high regard for its protective powers. Medieval Europeans attributed healing properties to sapphires, believing they could cure plague boils, treat eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison.
The association with the heavens was particularly strong. Ancient Persians believed the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color. Medieval clergy wore blue sapphires as a symbol of Heaven, reflecting their devotion and spiritual authority. Even earlier, Buddhists believed sapphires brought spiritual enlightenment, while Hindus incorporated them into their worship practices. Some accounts suggest the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, though modern historians now believe lapis lazuli was the gemstone referenced in biblical texts.
Sapphires were not merely objects of religious significance; they were also symbols of power and status. Medieval kings believed the gemstone protected them from enemies, and sapphire jewelry was a common adornment among the elite. This tradition of royal association continues to this day, exemplified by the sapphire engagement ring first worn by Princess Diana and now worn by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a precious variety of corundum, a mineral composed of aluminum oxide. The diverse range of colors found in sapphires arises from trace elements within the crystal structure. Titanium and iron create the prized blue hues, while other elements like vanadium, chromium, and magnesium produce pink, purple, yellow, green, and even colorless varieties. When chromium levels are high, the corundum is classified as a ruby, rather than a sapphire.
Historically significant sources of sapphires include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. Kashmir sapphires, particularly those with a velvety blue color, are exceptionally prized and have commanded record prices per carat. The world record price-per-carat for a sapphire was set by a gemstone from Kashmir, selling for $242,000 per carat in 2015. Sri Lanka has been a notable source of star sapphires, including the renowned Star of Adam, the Star of India, and the Star of Bombay.
Australia was once a major sapphire producer, but Madagascar has emerged as the leading source of sapphires in recent decades. Significant quantities are also found in Thailand, Cambodia, and the United States (Montana), as well as other locations in Asia and Africa.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional durability, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes them highly resistant to scratching and ideal for everyday wear.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Color | Blue, pink, purple, yellow, green, white, black |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
Beyond the traditional blue, sapphires exhibit a fascinating phenomenon known as color change. These sapphires, containing high levels of vanadium, appear different colors under varying light sources – incandescent versus daylight – effectively acting as chameleons.
The value of a sapphire is determined by several factors, including color, clarity, cut, and carat weight. Velvety blue or violet sapphires generally command the highest prices per carat.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. It represents truth, innocence, peace, good health, loyalty, and dignity. It is also associated with virtue, wisdom, and holiness. The stone is traditionally believed to protect loved ones from harm.
The sapphire is also the traditional gemstone for celebrating a 5th and 45th wedding anniversary, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Its association with nobility and faithfulness makes it a fitting gift for such significant milestones.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance. Sapphires can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Regular cleaning will help preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure it continues to sparkle for generations.
Conclusion
The sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of protection and divine favor to its modern status as a cherished birthstone and a staple of fine jewelry, the sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its remarkable durability, stunning array of colors, and rich historical significance ensure its place as one of the world’s most beloved and sought-after gemstones. The September birthstone is more than just a beautiful gem; it is a symbol of truth, faithfulness, and the enduring power of beauty.