November is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While topaz holds the distinction as the traditional November birthstone, citrine was added in 1912, initially as a more accessible alternative when imperial topaz became scarce. Both gemstones offer a captivating beauty and are believed to impart positive energies to those born under the November sky. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these radiant November birthstones.
History and Lore
The history of topaz stretches back millennia, with its name potentially originating from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” or from the Greek topazos, referring to the island of Topazos (modern Zabargad) in the Red Sea. However, it’s noted that the island primarily yielded peridot, which was often mistaken for topaz in ancient times. The ancient Greeks believed topaz possessed the power to grant strength, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s considered it capable of warding off magic spells and dispelling anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was thought to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Citrine’s history is somewhat more recent in terms of its association with November. It gained prominence as a birthstone in 1912, offering a readily available and affordable alternative to the increasingly rare imperial topaz. Historically, turquoise, amethyst, sapphire, ruby, beryl, aquamarine, and garnet have also been associated with November, linked to the zodiac signs of Scorpio and Sagittarius. Turquoise, for example, has been considered a protective stone for centuries, even being placed on horse equipment to safeguard riders. Aztec cultures valued turquoise highly, with some accounts suggesting they prized it even more than gold.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is found in a variety of geological settings, often forming in volcanic rocks and pegmatites. Major sources of topaz include Brazil, Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. The gem’s color arises from impurities within its crystalline structure, resulting in a spectrum ranging from colorless to yellow, light green, red-orange, pink, and brown. Blue topaz, commonly seen today, is typically created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. A special effect, known as “Mystic Topaz,” is achieved by coating colorless topaz with a thin artificial film, creating a rainbow iridescence.
Citrine, a variety of quartz, is most often formed naturally through the heating of amethyst. In fact, almost all bright yellow citrine available commercially begins as pale amethyst that undergoes controlled heat treatment to achieve its characteristic golden hue. Citrine deposits are found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their appeal and durability.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Colorless, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, blue (often treated)
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Color: Yellow to orange-brown
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.545 – 1.553
Citrine’s hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale makes it a durable choice for jewelry, particularly rings, as it is relatively scratch-resistant. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is also a durable gemstone.
Here's a comparison of the hardness of both stones on the Mohs scale:
| Gemstone | Mohs Hardness |
|---|---|
| Talc | 1 |
| Gypsum | 2 |
| Calcite | 3 |
| Fluorite | 4 |
| Apatite | 5 |
| Orthoclase | 6 |
| Citrine | 7 |
| Topaz | 8 |
| Corundum | 9 |
| Diamond | 10 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Topaz is often associated with strength, honor, wisdom, and a sense of calm and balance. Blue topaz, in particular, is valued for its relaxing color and dazzling sparkle. It is believed to bring a new sense of energy to the wearer.
Citrine, with its warm, sunny hues, symbolizes joy, abundance, and positivity. It is thought to encourage open and accepting attitudes, boost self-esteem, and promote emotional well-being. For those prone to worry or anxiety, citrine is believed to offer a calming influence.
For those following astrological associations, topaz is linked to Scorpio, representing their fearless yet empathetic nature, while tanzanite is considered the birthstone for Sagittarius, reflecting their zeal for life.
Care and Cleaning
Both topaz and citrine require relatively simple care to maintain their brilliance. Due to their hardness, they are resistant to scratching from everyday wear. However, it’s advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, especially for treated topaz.
Citrine, while durable, can experience fading of lighter shades with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Therefore, it is recommended to store citrine jewelry out of direct sunlight when not being worn. Cleaning both gemstones can be achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth.
Conclusion
November’s birthstones, topaz and citrine, offer a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolic meaning. Whether one prefers the fiery brilliance of topaz or the sunny warmth of citrine, these gemstones provide a stunning and meaningful connection to the month of November. Their durability, combined with their relatively affordable price point, makes them accessible and cherished choices for jewelry and collectors alike. Both stones continue to be celebrated for their aesthetic appeal and the positive energies they are believed to bestow upon their wearers.