For those born in February, the birthstone is amethyst, a captivating variety of quartz celebrated for its alluring purple hues. Throughout history, this gemstone has been prized by royalty, believed to possess protective powers, and associated with clarity of mind. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry, amethyst continues to hold a significant place in both the world of gemology and the realm of symbolism. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of amethyst, offering a comprehensive overview of February’s celebrated birthstone.
History and Lore
Amethyst’s history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 3100 BC. Archaeological discoveries reveal its presence in jewelry from Minos in the Aegean Sea, often fashioned into cabochons set in gold bezels – a style that remains popular today. In ancient Egypt, during the 12th Dynasty (1919-1885 BC), Amenemhet II was entombed with an amethyst scarab, a symbol of rebirth and protection, set in gold. Even King Tutankhamun’s tomb contained amethyst beads, demonstrating the stone’s high status and value. Cleopatra herself adorned an amethyst ring carved with the image of Mithras, a Persian god, further cementing its association with power and prestige.
The ancient Greeks and Romans also held amethyst in high regard. The name “amethyst” originates from the Greek word amethystos, meaning “a remedy against drunkenness.” This belief stemmed from the gem’s wine-like color and the notion that wearing or drinking from an amethyst cup would prevent intoxication. The Greeks associated the stone with Bacchus, the god of wine, and believed it could keep the wearer clear-headed in both battle and business. Renaissance Europeans similarly thought amethyst calmed lovers overrun by passion.
Throughout the Middle Ages and beyond, amethyst continued to be a symbol of royalty and ecclesiastical power. The oldest of the British Crown Jewels features an amethyst worn by Edward the Confessor in the 11th century. Queen Elizabeth I possessed an amethyst necklace, and many amethysts are still incorporated into modern coronation regalia. Catherine the Great of Russia was a devoted admirer of amethyst, commissioning miners to search the Ural Mountains for the gem after it became available in Europe through Brazilian imports. Prior to this, amethyst was a rare and expensive gem, sometimes priced higher than diamonds and considered alongside rubies, sapphires, and emeralds as a precious stone. The difficulty in creating purple dyes for fabrics historically contributed to the color’s association with wealth, nobility, and royalty.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst is a variety of quartz (silicon dioxide, SiO2), and its purple coloration is attributed to iron impurities within the quartz crystal structure, combined with natural irradiation. The intensity of the purple hue can vary significantly, ranging from pale lilac to deep, rich violet.
While amethyst can be found in various locations worldwide, some notable sources include Brazil, Uruguay, and Zambia. Historically, Russia was a significant source, particularly after large deposits were discovered in the Ural Mountains in 1799, following Catherine the Great’s search. Other sources include Madagascar, Japan, and even the United States. The gem is often found in geodes, which are hollow rock cavities lined with amethyst crystals.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst exhibits several key gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and durability.
- Chemical Composition: SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)
- Color: Violet, ranging from pale lilac to deep purple.
- Mohs Hardness: 7 – 7.5. This hardness makes amethyst relatively durable and suitable for everyday wear.
- Cleavage: None. Amethyst lacks a distinct cleavage plane, meaning it’s less likely to split along specific directions.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Refractive Index: 1.544 – 1.553
- Specific Gravity: 2.65
Amethyst can be both mined naturally and manufactured in a laboratory. It can be cut into many shapes and sizes, making it versatile for various jewelry designs. Rock crystal, a clear variety of quartz, shares the same hardness (7) as amethyst and can sometimes be used as a substitute in costume jewelry.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO2 |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7 - 7.5 |
| Cleavage | None |
| Specific Gravity | 2.65 |
| Transparency | Transparent/Translucent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amethyst has been imbued with a rich tapestry of symbolism and metaphysical beliefs. Beyond its association with preventing drunkenness in ancient Greece, the stone has been considered a powerful and protective gemstone. It is believed to promote a clear mind, calm anxiety and anger, and guard against negative energy. Some believe wearing amethyst can enhance spiritual courage, energy, and motivation.
Hildegard von Bingen, a German Benedictine abbess and mystic, wrote that amethyst could treat skin ailments and cure tumors. In modern metaphysical practices, amethyst is often used to enhance intuition, promote emotional balance, and facilitate spiritual awareness. It is also associated with the Zodiac sign Aquarius, making it particularly meaningful for those born under that sign. The stone is also seen as a symbol of love, as evidenced by the legend of St. Valentine wearing an amethyst ring carved with Cupid’s portrait.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively high hardness of 7-7.5 on the Mohs scale, amethyst is a durable gemstone suitable for a variety of jewelry settings. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Amethyst is susceptible to fading if exposed to prolonged sunlight, so it’s best to store amethyst jewelry in a dark, cool place.
To clean amethyst, use warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. Rinse thoroughly with clean water and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help preserve the vibrant color and luster of amethyst jewelry.
Conclusion
Amethyst, the February birthstone, is a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and geological wonder. From its ancient origins as a protective amulet and symbol of royalty to its modern-day appeal as a beautiful and versatile gem, amethyst continues to captivate and inspire. Its rich purple hues, combined with its durability and metaphysical properties, make it a cherished stone for jewelry lovers and gemstone enthusiasts alike. Whether worn as a tribute to a February birthday or simply admired for its inherent beauty, amethyst remains a timeless treasure.