July is a month rich in symbolism, and its association with gemstones is no exception. Among the 12 months of the year, July is uniquely distinguished by the fact that it has two official birthstones: ruby and onyx. While ruby is the more widely recognized and celebrated gemstone for July, onyx also holds its own historical and cultural significance. This article delves into the fascinating world of these two July birthstones, exploring their geological formation, historical uses, symbolic meanings, and practical care tips. By the end of this guide, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of the allure and importance of ruby and onyx in both gemology and cultural traditions.
Introduction
July is one of the few months with multiple birthstones, a distinction that reflects the rich diversity of gemstones available to mark a birth month. The primary birthstone for July is ruby, a gemstone that has long been revered for its deep red color, exceptional hardness, and symbolic association with love, passion, and vitality. Ruby, a variety of the mineral corundum, is prized not only for its beauty but also for its rarity and durability. Alongside ruby, onyx is also designated as a July birthstone. Onyx, a form of chalcedony, is known for its smooth, banded texture and its historical use in protective and spiritual contexts. Together, these two gemstones offer a compelling representation of the July-born individual.
The selection of birthstones is rooted in both historical and cultural traditions. While modern birthstone lists were officially standardized in the 20th century, the symbolic association of gemstones with months of the year can be traced back to ancient times. In this article, we will explore the geological and cultural dimensions of ruby and onyx, examining their origins, properties, and meanings. The discussion will also include alternative interpretations and lesser-known historical connections, where applicable.
History and Lore
Ruby: The King of Precious Stones
Ruby has a long and storied history, with its significance dating back thousands of years. The name "ruby" is derived from the Latin word ruber, meaning "red," which aptly describes the gemstone’s most characteristic color. In ancient India, ruby was known as ratnaraj, which translates to "king of gems." This title underscores the high esteem in which ruby was held, especially in Indian culture, where it was considered more valuable than even diamonds.
Historically, ruby was associated with power, vitality, and protection. In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to bring wisdom, wealth, and success in love. Some historical accounts suggest that ruby was also thought to have the ability to predict misfortune or danger. For example, in certain traditions, it was believed that a ruby would lose its color or clarity if it came into contact with poison or if the wearer was in danger.
One of the most fascinating historical anecdotes involving ruby is its use by Burmese warriors. According to sources, these warriors wore rubies in battle because they believed the gemstone made them invincible. This belief highlights the deep cultural and spiritual significance that ruby held in certain societies.
Onyx: A Stone of Strength and Protection
While ruby is the more famous of the two July birthstones, onyx also has a rich history and a unique set of associations. Onyx is a type of chalcedony, a mineral that belongs to the quartz family. It is known for its distinct banding, which often appears in alternating layers of white and black, although other colors and patterns can also occur.
Historically, onyx was used in ancient civilizations for its protective qualities. In ancient Rome, onyx was often carved into cameos and used in jewelry and decorative objects. The Romans believed that onyx could provide protection from harm and was especially useful during times of conflict or stress. In some cultures, onyx was also associated with emotional strength and the ability to overcome obstacles.
In more recent times, onyx has been linked to grounding and stability. Some spiritual traditions view onyx as a stone that helps individuals stay focused and balanced, making it a popular choice for those seeking emotional and mental resilience.
Geological Formation and Sources
Ruby: A Product of Extreme Pressure
Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). What distinguishes ruby from other corundum varieties, such as sapphire, is the presence of the element chromium. It is chromium that imparts ruby with its signature red color. The more chromium present in the crystal lattice, the deeper and more intense the red hue.
The formation of ruby requires specific geological conditions. Corundum forms under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, typically in metamorphic rocks such as marble or in igneous rocks such as basalt. The presence of chromium in the environment where the corundum forms is essential for ruby development.
Myanmar (formerly Burma) is one of the most historically significant sources of high-quality rubies. The Mogok region in Myanmar has long been known for producing some of the finest rubies in the world, particularly those with the coveted "pigeon blood" color. This term refers to a deep red hue with a slight purplish overtone, which is considered the ideal ruby color.
Other notable sources of ruby include Thailand, Sri Lanka, and parts of Africa, such as Madagascar and Tanzania. Each of these regions produces rubies with slightly different characteristics, influenced by the local geological conditions and the presence of trace elements.
Onyx: A Versatile Chalcedony
Onyx, as a form of chalcedony, is composed of microcrystalline quartz. Chalcedony forms in the cavities of volcanic rocks and is often found in association with other minerals such as agate and jasper. The banding in onyx is the result of alternating layers of different minerals or varying degrees of impurities in the quartz.
Onyx is found in a variety of locations around the world, with significant deposits in Brazil, India, and the United States. Brazil, in particular, is known for producing high-quality onyx with distinct and attractive banding. Indian onyx is also highly valued for its smooth texture and rich coloration.
Unlike ruby, which is relatively rare and requires specific geological conditions for formation, onyx is more commonly available. This accessibility has made onyx a popular choice for jewelry and decorative objects throughout history.
Gemological Properties
Ruby: A Hard and Lustrous Gem
Ruby is one of the hardest gemstones, with a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale. This places it just below diamond, which is the hardest known mineral. The high hardness of ruby makes it highly durable and suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry applications, including rings, necklaces, and bracelets.
In terms of optical properties, ruby is known for its strong refractive index and its ability to display a high degree of brilliance and fire. The most valuable rubies exhibit a deep red color with a slight purplish or bluish overtone, which is often referred to as the "pigeon blood" color. This color is highly sought after and is considered the standard for high-quality ruby.
Ruby is also known for its pleochroism, which means that it can display different colors when viewed from different angles. In ruby, this effect is usually minimal, but it can be observed in certain lighting conditions.
Ruby is typically found in a variety of cuts, with the most common being the emerald cut, round brilliant cut, and oval cut. The choice of cut depends on the shape and clarity of the rough stone, as well as the desired aesthetic outcome.
Onyx: A Durable and Grounding Stone
Onyx, being a form of chalcedony, has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale. While not as hard as ruby, it is still a durable gemstone that is well-suited for use in jewelry. Its smooth texture and fine grain make it ideal for carving and polishing, which is why it is often used in cameos, intaglios, and other decorative pieces.
Onyx is typically opaque or semi-transparent, which distinguishes it from other varieties of quartz. Its banding can vary in pattern and color, with the most common being alternating layers of white and black. However, onyx can also occur in other colors such as brown, red, and green, depending on the impurities present in the stone.
One of the unique properties of onyx is its ability to absorb and retain dyes. This characteristic has been used for centuries to enhance the appearance of onyx by adding colors that highlight its natural banding. Dyed onyx is particularly popular in the jewelry industry and is often used to create striking color contrasts.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Ruby: A Stone of Passion and Power
Ruby is often associated with themes of love, passion, and vitality. In many cultures, ruby is considered a symbol of romantic love and is frequently used in engagement rings and other romantic jewelry. The deep red color of ruby is often interpreted as a representation of blood, life force, and energy. In some traditions, ruby is believed to enhance the wearer's vitality and courage, making it a popular choice for those seeking to boost their confidence and drive.
Ruby is also associated with protection and is believed to ward off negative energies. In some spiritual traditions, ruby is thought to enhance the wearer's connection to their inner power and to provide a sense of security and strength. This protective quality is one of the reasons why ruby was historically worn by warriors and leaders.
In addition to its associations with love and protection, ruby is also linked to wisdom and success. In medieval Europe, ruby was believed to bring health, wisdom, and success in love. Some historical accounts suggest that ruby was also thought to have the ability to predict misfortune or danger, making it a valuable talisman for those who wished to avoid harm.
Onyx: A Stone of Stability and Strength
Onyx is often associated with grounding, stability, and emotional strength. In many spiritual traditions, onyx is considered a protective stone that helps individuals remain calm and focused in times of stress or conflict. It is believed to absorb negative energy and provide a sense of emotional balance.
Onyx is also associated with discipline and self-control. In some traditions, it is believed to help individuals overcome addictions or bad habits by reinforcing willpower and determination. This makes onyx a popular choice for those seeking to cultivate a greater sense of personal strength and resilience.
In addition to its grounding properties, onyx is also associated with love and protection in relationships. Some believe that onyx can help strengthen emotional bonds and foster a sense of security and trust between partners. This symbolic association makes onyx a meaningful choice for those seeking to deepen their connections with others.
Care and Cleaning
Ruby: Durability and Maintenance
Ruby is a highly durable gemstone due to its high hardness on the Mohs scale. However, despite its strength, ruby can still be damaged if exposed to harsh conditions or improper handling. To maintain the beauty and longevity of ruby jewelry, it is important to follow a few simple care tips.
Ruby can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials, as these can scratch the surface of the gemstone. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for ruby, but it is important to ensure that the gemstone does not have any inclusions or fractures that could be worsened by the vibrations.
When storing ruby jewelry, it is best to keep it in a soft, lined container to prevent scratches from other gemstones or hard surfaces. Avoid exposing ruby to extreme temperatures or sudden temperature changes, as this can cause stress on the crystal lattice and lead to cracking.
Onyx: Care and Longevity
Onyx, while durable, requires a bit more care than ruby due to its lower hardness and its susceptibility to staining. Because onyx is a porous stone, it can absorb oils, lotions, and other substances, which can dull its appearance over time.
To clean onyx, use a mild soap and warm water. Gently wipe the surface with a soft cloth, and avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive materials. Onyx should not be exposed to prolonged periods of direct sunlight or heat, as this can cause fading or discoloration.
When storing onyx jewelry, it is best to keep it in a cool, dry place away from other gemstones that could scratch its surface. Onyx should also be kept away from acidic or caustic substances, as these can cause damage to the stone.
Conclusion
July’s birthstones—ruby and onyx—each bring their own unique qualities, histories, and meanings. Ruby, with its deep red color and association with power, vitality, and love, is one of the most revered gemstones in the world. Onyx, with its grounding and protective properties, offers a contrasting but equally meaningful complement to ruby. Together, these two gemstones represent a rich and diverse heritage that continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts, jewelry lovers, and students of gemology.
Understanding the geological, historical, and symbolic aspects of ruby and onyx provides a deeper appreciation for these gemstones and their enduring significance. Whether worn as a symbol of personal power, a token of love, or a tool for emotional stability, ruby and onyx continue to hold a special place in both modern and traditional gemstone lore.