For those born in September, the birthstone is sapphire, a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and a remarkable range of colors. Traditionally associated with royalty, faithfulness, and the nobility of spirit, sapphire has captivated civilizations for millennia. While most readily recognized in its classic deep blue hue, sapphire actually encompasses a rainbow of colors – every shade except red, which is reserved for its close relative, the ruby. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and enduring significance of this celebrated September birthstone.
History and Lore
The allure of sapphire extends back over 2,500 years, with ancient cultures attributing both beauty and protective powers to the gem. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were believed to safeguard their owners from harm and envy. The elite of these societies treasured the stone, viewing it as a talisman against ill fortune. This belief continued into the Middle Ages, where clergy wore sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven and believing it symbolized piety and divine favor. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief, imagining the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, which was responsible for the blue color of the sky.
Beyond protection, sapphire was also thought to possess healing properties. Medieval Europeans believed the stone could cure plague boils and alleviate diseases of the eye, even serving as an antidote to poison. The gem’s association with the sacred is further evidenced by legends surrounding the Ten Commandments, with some traditions claiming they were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting its perceived strength and permanence.
More recently, notable sapphires have captured public imagination. The 62.02-carat Rockefeller Sapphire, unearthed in Myanmar (Burma) and acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1934, stands as a testament to the gem’s enduring appeal. Perhaps the most famous sapphire today is the 12-carat blue gem at the center of the engagement ring first worn by Princess Diana and now worn by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, solidifying sapphire’s place in modern royal history.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum family, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Its rich color palette arises from trace elements within the crystal structure. The classic blue hue is due to iron and titanium, while other colors are created by elements like chromium, vanadium, and magnesium.
Historically significant sources of sapphire include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. However, substantial quantities have also been discovered in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. These diverse locations contribute to the variety of sapphire colors and qualities found worldwide.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire is renowned for its exceptional durability, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness – second only to diamond. This hardness makes it an excellent choice for everyday wear, suitable for all types of jewelry, from engagement rings to delicate earrings.
While “sapphire” often evokes images of deep blue, the gem actually occurs in a wide spectrum of colors, referred to as “fancy colored” sapphires. These include pink, yellow, green, violet, black, and even color-change varieties. The evaluation of a sapphire’s color is based on its hue, tone, and saturation. A high-quality 1-carat blue sapphire can range in price from $3000 to $5000, though prices fluctuate based on quality and market conditions.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness | 9 on the Mohs scale |
| Classic Color | Deep “royal” blue |
| Other Hues | Pink, yellow, green, violet, black, color‑change |
| Major Sources | Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia, Montana (USA) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with profound symbolism. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have cemented its place as a gemstone of significance in various cultures. Buddhists believed sapphires promoted inner peace, while in Islam, sapphires were among the precious stones adorning the seven heavens.
Beyond its symbolic meaning, sapphire has been linked to metaphysical beliefs. Some believe it possesses healing properties, while others associate it with enhancing intuition and promoting clarity of thought. The specific color of a sapphire can also influence its perceived metaphysical properties, with pink sapphires representing romance and yellow sapphires radiating joy and optimism.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphire’s exceptional hardness makes it a durable gemstone, well-suited for daily wear. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance. Sapphires can withstand the rigors of everyday life, but they can still be scratched by harder materials like diamonds.
Cleaning sapphires is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are typically sufficient to remove dirt and grime. For more stubborn residue, ultrasonic cleaners can be used, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or treated. Regular cleaning will help preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure it continues to sparkle for generations.
Modern and Traditional Birthstone Lists
The September birthstone is consistently listed as sapphire on both modern and traditional birthstone charts. However, it’s worth noting that the birthstone landscape has evolved over time. While some traditional gems, like turquoise, may be less expensive or more readily available, sapphire remains the undisputed choice for September. Recent additions to the modern birthstone chart include spinel, citrine, and tanzanite, offering individuals a wider range of options to choose from. Ultimately, the selection of a birthstone is a personal one, and individuals are free to select the stone that resonates most with them.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring beauty and significance of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of protection and healing to its modern-day association with royalty and romance, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its remarkable durability, diverse color palette, and rich history make it a truly exceptional gemstone, worthy of its place as the September birthstone. Whether admired for its aesthetic appeal or cherished for its symbolic meaning, sapphire remains a timeless treasure, connecting us to the earth’s geological wonders and the enduring legacy of human culture.