November is unique among the months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: citrine and yellow topaz. Both gemstones share a warm, inviting golden hue, making them popular choices for jewelry and symbolic gifts. While yellow topaz historically held the sole designation as November’s birthstone, citrine has risen in prominence as a modern alternative, appreciated for its affordability and vibrant color. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and significance of both citrine and yellow topaz, drawing upon available knowledge to provide a comprehensive overview of these November birthstones.
History and Lore
The history of both citrine and yellow topaz is intertwined, particularly in earlier eras. Before advancements in gemological science, all yellow-to-brown gemstones were often simply referred to as “topaz.” It wasn’t until the 20th century that gemologists distinguished between the two as separate species. This historical overlap led to a shared set of beliefs and attributed powers.
Citrine, with its history stretching back to ancient times, was valued by the Romans, who used it in jewelry. It was particularly popular in Scottish jewelry during the Victorian era. The name “citrine” itself is derived from the French word for “lemon” (citron), a nod to its characteristic yellow color. Ancient cultures believed citrine possessed the ability to soothe tempers and calm the wearer, a belief stemming from its association with the powers attributed to topaz.
Topaz, too, has a long and storied past. The ancient Greeks believed topaz granted strength, while Europeans from the 1300s to the 1600s thought it could ward off magic spells and dispel anger. In India, wearing topaz above the heart was believed to ensure a long life, beauty, and intelligence. The very name “topaz” may originate from the Sanskrit word “tapas,” meaning “fire,” or from the Greek “topazos.”
Geological Formation and Sources
Citrine is a variety of quartz, one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. However, naturally occurring citrine is relatively rare. The majority of citrine available today is created through the heat treatment of smoky quartz, a widely accepted practice within the gem industry often conducted on-site at mines. This process transforms the smoky brown quartz into the desirable yellow and orange hues characteristic of citrine.
The primary sources for natural, unheated citrine include Bolivia, Spain, Madagascar, Mexico, and Uruguay. Notably, the Anahí mine in Bolivia, discovered in the 1600s and rediscovered in the 1960s, is a significant source of this gem. Much of the amethyst that is heat-treated to create citrine is mined in Brazil.
Topaz, a nesosilicate mineral, forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks. It occurs as prismatic crystals and is found in a variety of colors, including colorless, blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, and brown. The most sought-after yellow variety, Imperial topaz, is a medium to reddish-orange hue with high saturation. Imperial topaz is particularly rare, comprising less than half of one percent of all gem-quality topaz. The primary source of Imperial topaz is Brazil, though historical deposits were also found in Russia, hence the name. Other significant sources of topaz include Namibia, Nigeria, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and the United States.
Gemological Properties
Both citrine and yellow topaz possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and durability.
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Color: Yellow to brownish orange
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
- Transparency: Transparent
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)
Citrine’s hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale makes it durable enough for everyday wear in jewelry, though it is softer than sapphire or diamond.
Yellow Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ (Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide Fluoride)
- Color: Golden yellow to reddish-orange
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent
- Luster: Vitreous (glass-like)
Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is more durable than citrine. However, it possesses poor toughness, meaning it is more susceptible to chipping or cracking. Prolonged exposure to heat or sunlight can cause fading in some yellow-to-brown topaz gems.
Here's a comparative table summarizing the key properties:
| Property | Citrine | Yellow Topaz |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | SiO₂ | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 7 | 8 |
| Typical Color | Yellow-Orange | Golden Yellow |
| Durability | Good | Good (but brittle) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both citrine and yellow topaz have been imbued with symbolic meaning. As previously mentioned, both were believed to possess calming properties and the ability to ward off negative energy.
Citrine is often associated with prosperity, abundance, and positivity. It is sometimes referred to as the “merchant’s stone” due to the belief that it attracts wealth and success. It is also considered a stone of creativity and self-expression.
Yellow topaz, particularly Imperial topaz, symbolizes joy, generosity, and good fortune. Its warm color is often linked to the sun, representing energy, vitality, and optimism. It is also believed to promote clarity of thought and emotional balance.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of both citrine and yellow topaz jewelry.
Citrine, being relatively durable, can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners.
Topaz requires more delicate handling. Steam cleaning and ultrasonic cleaners should be avoided due to its potential for chipping. Warm, soapy water is the best method for cleaning topaz. High heat or sudden temperature changes should also be avoided, as they can cause internal fractures. The coating on “Mystic Topaz” (topaz with an artificial film creating a rainbow effect) is particularly sensitive and should only be cleaned with mild soap and water, avoiding abrasive cleaners.
Conclusion
Citrine and yellow topaz, the November birthstones, offer a beautiful and meaningful choice for those born in this month. While historically intertwined, they are now recognized as distinct gemstones with unique properties and symbolism. Whether one prefers the affordability and sunny disposition of citrine or the durability and regal history of yellow topaz, both gems represent warmth, prosperity, and positive energy. Their enduring appeal ensures their continued popularity in jewelry and as cherished symbols of November birthdays.