November is unique among the calendar months, boasting not one, but two recognized birthstones: topaz and citrine. While topaz holds the distinction as the traditional November birthstone, citrine was added in 1912, offering an affordable alternative when imperial topaz became scarce. Both gemstones are celebrated for their warm energies and captivating beauty, making them cherished choices for those born in the eleventh month. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of these radiant November birthstones.
History and Lore
The history of topaz stretches back millennia, with ancient civilizations attributing various powers to the gem. The very name “topaz” has a somewhat convoluted history. Some believe it originates from the Sanskrit word tapas, meaning “fire,” while others trace it to the Greek topazos, referring to the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea. Interestingly, the ancient Greeks often mistook peridot, found on this island, for topaz. Regardless of its etymological roots, topaz was highly valued in ancient Greece, believed to bestow strength upon its wearer.
From the 1300s to the 1600s, Europeans held the belief that topaz could ward off magic spells and quell anger. In India, a long-held tradition suggests that wearing topaz above the heart ensures a long life, beauty, and intelligence. These ancient beliefs highlight the enduring allure and perceived mystical properties of this gemstone.
Citrine’s history, while not as extensively documented as topaz’s, is equally fascinating. Almost all bright yellow citrine available today is actually heat-treated amethyst. This process, initiated in the 1500s, permanently alters the amethyst’s color, creating the vibrant yellow and orange hues characteristic of citrine. In ancient times, citrine was believed to possess the power to dispel enchantments and safeguard against evil thoughts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Topaz is formed in igneous rocks and is often found in volcanic ash deposits. Its primary sources include Brazil, Namibia, Russia, and Pakistan. The gem’s natural colors range from earthy yellow to golden brown, though treatments are commonly employed to produce a wider spectrum of shades, including gray, red-orange, and wine red.
Citrine, as a variety of quartz, forms in volcanic rocks. While it can occur naturally, the majority of citrine on the market is created by heat-treating amethyst. Brazil is a significant source of amethyst, and consequently, a major producer of heat-treated citrine. The term “imperial topaz,” denoting a golden body with pink or peach undertones, refers to a particularly rare and prized variety of topaz.
Gemological Properties
Both topaz and citrine possess distinct gemological properties that contribute to their beauty and durability.
Topaz:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 8
- Color: Colorless, light blue, yellow, orange, pink, violet, brown, and rarely red. Blue topaz is often created through irradiation and heating of colorless topaz. “Mystic Topaz” exhibits a rainbow effect due to a thin artificial coating.
- Clarity: Typically excellent.
- Crystal System: Orthorhombic
- Refractive Index: 1.606 – 1.627
Citrine:
- Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
- Hardness (Mohs Scale): 7
- Color: Yellow to orange.
- Clarity: Generally good.
- Crystal System: Trigonal
- Refractive Index: 1.545 – 1.553
Citrine’s hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale makes it a durable choice for jewelry, particularly rings, as it is relatively resistant to scratching. Topaz, with a hardness of 8, is even more durable.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both topaz and citrine have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Topaz represents strength, honor, and a sense of calm and balance. Wearing topaz jewelry is believed to bring wisdom and renewed energy. Blue topaz, in particular, is associated with relaxation and tranquility.
Citrine, with its sunny hues, embodies joy, abundance, and positivity. It is often referred to as the “merchant’s stone” due to the belief that it attracts wealth and prosperity. Both stones are thought to possess calming energies, bringing warmth and fortune to the wearer. Turquoise, also associated with November for some zodiac signs, is believed to offer protection and promote self-realization, aiding those prone to worry or anxiety. Amethyst, another November stone, is associated with self-esteem and emotional well-being.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of topaz and citrine is relatively straightforward. Due to their respectable hardness, both gemstones are reasonably durable. However, certain precautions should be taken. Citrine, while resistant to scratching, can fade slightly if exposed to prolonged sunlight, so storing jewelry out of direct sun is recommended.
Both topaz and citrine can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstones. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for both, but caution should be exercised with treated topaz, as the treatments may not be stable under prolonged ultrasonic exposure.
November Zodiac Stones
For those interested in astrological connections, November’s birthstones align with the two zodiac signs associated with the month: Scorpio (October 23 – November 21) and Sagittarius (November 22 – December 21). Scorpios are linked to topaz, reflecting the sign’s fearless yet empathetic nature. Sagittarians are associated with tanzanite, a violet-blue gem that complements their rare traits and zest for life.
Identifying Genuine Citrine
A simple test to determine if citrine is genuine involves using an acetone-damp cotton swab. Swiping the swab on the back of the stone will reveal any dye, as it will bleed on a fake. Natural citrine will remain clean.
Conclusion
Topaz and citrine, the captivating birthstones of November, offer a wealth of history, beauty, and symbolic meaning. From ancient beliefs in their protective powers to modern appreciation for their vibrant colors and durability, these gemstones continue to enchant and inspire. Whether you are a November-born individual seeking a personal connection to your birthstone or a gemstone enthusiast captivated by their allure, topaz and citrine are truly remarkable gems worthy of admiration.