Peridot, with its captivating shades of green, holds a prominent place as one of the recognized birthstones for August. Historically, it has been associated with prosperity and good fortune, and continues to be a popular choice for jewelry and commemorative gifts, particularly for 16th wedding anniversaries. While now sharing the spotlight with spinel and sardonyx, peridot boasts a rich history, unique geological origins, and intriguing gemological properties that distinguish it as a gemstone of significant interest. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating “evening emerald.”
History and Lore
Peridot’s story stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 2000 BC in ancient Egypt. Initially discovered on the Red Sea island of Topazios (now St. John’s Island), it was often mistaken for emeralds, a confusion that persisted for centuries. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have, in fact, been largely composed of peridot. The island’s name became associated with the gem, leading to a historical misnomer where “topaz” was sometimes used to refer to peridot.
References to peridot also appear in the Bible, and it was one of the gems featured in the high priest’s breastplate, highlighting its early significance. Throughout history, the gem was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares and promoting tranquility. It was thought to balance the mind and body, contributing to emotional stability and overall well-being. This belief in its calming properties led to its use as a charm for peaceful sleep.
The gem’s association with August as a birthstone is a more recent development, with spinel being added as a modern alternative in 2016. However, peridot has long held a special place in gemological tradition, and its enduring appeal continues to make it a cherished gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered in pallasite meteorites, offering a glimpse into the composition of our solar system and providing evidence of its extraterrestrial origins. These meteoritic peridots are typically too small for use in jewelry, but their existence adds to the gem’s mystique.
Historically, Egypt was a primary source of high-quality peridot. However, significant deposits have since been found in other locations around the globe. Notable mining locations include Burma (Myanmar), the United States, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, and China. The color and quality of peridot can vary depending on its origin, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting a vibrant, lime-green or olive-green hue.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits a range of gemological properties that contribute to its unique characteristics. Its color, ranging from yellowish-green to olive or brownish-green, is determined by the amount of iron present within the crystal structure. The most desirable peridots display a brilliant green color without any noticeable brown or yellow tones.
Here’s a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Refractive Index | 1.65 to 1.69 |
| Birefringence | 0.035 to 0.038 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
Peridot’s refractive index falls between 1.65 and 1.69, contributing to its sparkle and brilliance, particularly under both natural and artificial light. This quality has earned it the nickname “evening emerald.” Its specific gravity is 3.34, indicating a relatively high density. With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, peridot is moderately durable, making it suitable for various jewelry applications, but it requires careful handling to avoid scratches and damage.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. It is often associated with good fortune, prosperity, and protection. The belief that it wards off nightmares and promotes peaceful sleep stems from its perceived ability to balance the mind and body.
Beyond its calming effects, peridot is also believed to contribute to psychological well-being, fostering happiness, contentment, and emotional stability. Some believe it can enhance positive energy and promote a sense of vitality. Its association with the sun is reflected in its nickname, “Gem of the Sun,” and its vibrant green color symbolizes renewal and growth.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning to maintain its brilliance. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds and other abrasive gemstones.
Cleaning peridot jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. After cleaning, rinse the jewelry thoroughly with clean water and dry it with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help preserve the gem’s luster and prevent the buildup of dirt and oils.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, offers a compelling blend of historical significance, geological intrigue, and aesthetic beauty. From its ancient origins in Egypt to its modern-day appeal as a cherished gemstone, peridot continues to captivate with its unique properties and symbolic meaning. Its association with prosperity, protection, and emotional well-being, combined with its vibrant color and moderate durability, makes it a gemstone worthy of admiration and appreciation. Whether adorning a piece of jewelry or serving as a meaningful birthstone gift, peridot remains a timeless treasure with a story that spans millennia.