For those born in August, a trio of gemstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx – claim the honor of birthstone. Among these, peridot stands out with a history stretching back millennia, often mistaken for other, more famous gems. This vibrant, olive-green stone, also known as the “evening emerald,” possesses a unique allure stemming from its volcanic origins and even its presence in meteorites. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, exploring its journey from ancient treasure to a beloved modern birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s story is interwoven with historical misidentification. Ancient civilizations frequently confused it with emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be a source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot. As early as the second century BCE, peridot adorned the jewelry of priests, and later graced the chalices and churches of medieval Europe.
Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have largely consisted of peridot. Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, referred to peridot as “topaz,” further contributing to the confusion. The name “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” Throughout history, this gem has been valued not only for its beauty but also for its perceived protective qualities, believed to ward off evil spirits and “terrors of the night.”
The gem’s association with royalty and religious significance continued through the centuries, with notable examples found in historical artifacts like the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, which features 200 carats of what were once believed to be emeralds, but are now confirmed as peridot. It is also traditionally given as a gift to celebrate a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. The gem is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, carried within hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered within pallasite meteorites, offering a cosmic origin for this terrestrial gem.
While meteoritic peridot is often too small for jewelry use, larger, gem-quality stones are found in the Earth’s upper mantle and brought to the surface by volcanic eruptions. Historically, the Egyptian island of Zabargad was a significant source, with mining potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. This island, however, earned ominous names like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (“snake island”) due to its harsh mining conditions.
Today, peridot is sourced from various locations worldwide, including China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Notably, discoveries in the American Southwest have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Hawaii also boasts a unique source: Peridot Beach, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green hue due to the presence of eroded peridot crystals. The finest peridot specimens are often found in prestigious museums around the world, including those originating from the historic Zabargad source.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow and olive-green, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting a vibrant lime-green hue. The color is influenced by the amount of iron present in the olivine crystal structure. Peridot’s luster is vitreous, giving it a glassy appearance.
While often compared to emerald, peridot possesses distinct gemological characteristics. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, making it less durable than spinel (hardness of 8) but suitable for most jewelry applications with reasonable care. Peridot’s refractive index and other optical properties contribute to its unique sparkle, particularly noticeable under both natural and artificial light, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.”
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Color | Yellowish-green to Olive-green |
| Origin | Volcanic Lava, Meteorites |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient cultures valued it as a protective talisman, believed to shield the wearer from negative energies and nightmares. This belief likely stemmed from its vibrant green color, often associated with life, renewal, and healing.
The gem was thought to bring good health, restful sleep, and peace of mind. Some believed it could even enhance creativity and attract wealth. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the enduring appeal of peridot and its continued use in holistic practices.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale requires careful handling to prevent scratches and damage. It is susceptible to abrasion from harder materials and should be stored separately from diamonds and other durable gemstones.
Cleaning peridot jewelry is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. A soft cloth should be used to dry and polish the gem, restoring its natural luster. Due to its composition, peridot can be sensitive to prolonged exposure to strong heat.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, boasts a rich history marked by mistaken identity and enduring symbolism. From its volcanic origins and cosmic presence in meteorites to its association with ancient royalty and protective powers, peridot continues to fascinate and delight. Its unique color, coupled with its relatively accessible price point, makes it a popular choice for jewelry enthusiasts and a meaningful gift for those born in August. As a gem with a story spanning millennia, peridot remains a timeless treasure, connecting us to the Earth’s deep history and the mysteries of the universe.