Tanzanite, the captivating December birthstone, is a gemstone of extraordinary rarity and mesmerizing beauty. Discovered in the 20th century and named after its exclusive source country, Tanzania, this gem has quickly risen to prominence in the world of colored stones. Known for its deep, velvety blue to violet hues, tanzanite is not only a visual marvel but also a symbol of fortune and protection. This article delves into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, cultural significance, and care of tanzanite, offering a comprehensive exploration of this remarkable birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of tanzanite is relatively brief compared to many other gemstones, yet it is no less fascinating. The story of tanzanite begins in 1967, when a group of prospectors in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania stumbled upon a unique blue mineral. Prior to this discovery, the mineral was known as zoisite, and it had not yet been recognized for its potential as a gemstone. The transformation of zoisite into tanzanite was made possible by a process of heat treatment, which enhanced its color and made it suitable for jewelry. The first significant deposits of tanzanite were found in the Merelani Hills, and by 1968, the gemstone had been officially named in honor of Tanzania, the only country where it is found.
Tanzanite’s rapid rise to fame was largely due to the efforts of Tiffany & Co., a renowned jewelry brand that recognized the gemstone’s potential. In 1968, Tiffany launched an extensive advertising campaign to introduce tanzanite to the world. The campaign highlighted the gemstone’s striking color, clarity, and the fact that it was a relatively new discovery. This marketing effort was instrumental in establishing tanzanite as a desirable gemstone, and it quickly became a favorite among jewelers and collectors.
The significance of tanzanite extends beyond its aesthetic appeal. It is considered a birthstone for those born in December and is also associated with the 24th wedding anniversary. In many cultures, tanzanite is believed to bring good fortune, enhance spiritual awareness, and promote emotional healing. These metaphysical properties, while not scientifically proven, have contributed to the gemstone’s enduring popularity.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite, which belongs to the epidote group of minerals. Its chemical formula is Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(OH)₃(OH), and it is composed of calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen. What sets tanzanite apart from other forms of zoisite is its unique color, which is caused by the presence of vanadium and iron impurities. These elements, along with the specific geological conditions under which tanzanite forms, contribute to its distinctive blue and violet hues.
The formation of tanzanite is a complex process that involves the interaction of different rock types under high pressure and temperature. In the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania, tanzanite is found in metamorphic rocks that have undergone significant geological activity. The region’s geology is characterized by the presence of granites, gneisses, and schists, which provide the necessary environment for the formation of tanzanite. The gemstone is typically found in veins and pockets within these rocks, and it is often associated with other minerals such as rutile and quartz.
Mining operations in the Merelani Hills are a crucial aspect of tanzanite’s supply chain. The area is the only known source of tanzanite in the world, and the gemstone is mined from depths of over 100 meters (more than 300 feet) below the surface. The mining process involves both mechanized and manual techniques, with thousands of workers involved in extracting the gemstone from the earth. The local landscape is rugged and remote, with the Merelani Hills surrounded by the snow-capped slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, one of Africa’s most iconic natural landmarks.
The exclusivity of tanzanite’s source has significant implications for its value and availability. Because it is found only in Tanzania, tanzanite is considered a rare gemstone, and its supply is limited. This scarcity, combined with its striking color and clarity, makes tanzanite one of the most sought-after birthstones in the world. However, the limited supply also means that tanzanite is vulnerable to market fluctuations and environmental challenges. Conservation efforts and sustainable mining practices are essential to ensuring the long-term availability of tanzanite.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a gemstone that stands out for its unique combination of color, clarity, and hardness. Its most notable feature is its color, which ranges from deep blue to violet. The most valuable tanzanite specimens exhibit a pure, rich blue color, while those with a violet hue are also highly desirable. The gemstone’s color is enhanced through heat treatment, a process that removes the brown and yellow tones present in raw zoisite and reveals its true blue and violet hues. This treatment is widely accepted in the gemstone industry and is considered a standard practice for tanzanite.
In terms of clarity, tanzanite is often found with inclusions, which are natural imperfections that can affect the gemstone’s appearance. However, these inclusions are usually not visible to the naked eye and do not detract from the gemstone’s beauty. Tanzanite is typically cut into various shapes, including emerald, oval, and cushion cuts, to optimize its color and brilliance. The gemstone’s refractive index, which measures how light travels through it, is relatively high, contributing to its vibrant color and sparkle.
Tanzanite has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, which makes it relatively durable but not as hard as some other gemstones such as diamond or sapphire. This hardness level means that tanzanite can be scratched by harder materials and should be handled with care. Despite its moderate hardness, tanzanite is a popular choice for jewelry, particularly for rings, pendants, and earrings. Its durability, when properly cared for, allows it to be worn regularly and enjoyed for many years.
Another notable property of tanzanite is its pleochroism, which is the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is trichroic, meaning it can show three different colors: blue, violet, and brown. This property is a result of the gemstone’s crystal structure and the presence of vanadium and iron impurities. Pleochroism adds to the gemstone’s visual appeal, making each tanzanite unique and captivating.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is rich in symbolism and has been associated with various metaphysical beliefs across different cultures. In many traditions, tanzanite is considered a stone of transformation and spiritual growth. It is believed to help individuals connect with their inner selves, enhance intuition, and promote emotional healing. These properties make tanzanite a popular choice for meditation and spiritual practices, where it is used to facilitate a deeper understanding of oneself and the world around us.
One of the most well-known associations with tanzanite is its role as a December birthstone. Those born in December are often described as imaginative, compassionate, and creative. Tanzanite is believed to enhance these qualities, providing its wearers with a sense of balance, inner peace, and emotional stability. It is also thought to help individuals overcome fears and anxieties, fostering a sense of confidence and courage.
In addition to its role as a birthstone, tanzanite is also associated with the 24th wedding anniversary. This connection is rooted in the gemstone’s symbolism of enduring love and partnership. Tanzanite is believed to strengthen bonds between couples, promoting harmony, understanding, and mutual respect. Its deep blue color is often seen as a representation of loyalty and commitment, making it a meaningful choice for anniversary jewelry.
Tanzanite has also been linked to the throat and third eye chakras in Eastern traditions. The throat chakra is associated with communication and self-expression, while the third eye chakra is linked to intuition and spiritual insight. Tanzanite is believed to activate these chakras, helping individuals express their thoughts and emotions more clearly and enhancing their ability to perceive the world from a higher perspective. This makes tanzanite a valuable tool for those seeking to improve their communication skills and deepen their spiritual awareness.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care and cleaning are essential for maintaining the beauty and longevity of tanzanite jewelry. Given its moderate hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, tanzanite is relatively durable but can still be scratched by harder materials. To protect the gemstone, it is advisable to store tanzanite jewelry separately from other gemstones, particularly those with a higher hardness, such as diamonds or sapphires. Using a soft cloth or a jewelry box with individual compartments can help prevent scratches and damage.
When cleaning tanzanite, it is important to use gentle methods that will not harm the gemstone. A mild soap solution and warm water are generally sufficient for removing dirt and oils. To clean tanzanite jewelry, soak the pieces in the soapy water for a few minutes, then use a soft-bristled brush to gently scrub the gemstone and its setting. After cleaning, rinse the jewelry thoroughly with warm water and dry it with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid using ultrasonic cleaners or steamers, as these can potentially damage the gemstone or its setting.
Tanzanite should also be protected from exposure to harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and direct sunlight. Prolonged exposure to sunlight can cause the gemstone’s color to fade, while chemicals such as bleach, ammonia, and household cleaners can damage the stone’s surface or setting. It is advisable to remove tanzanite jewelry before engaging in activities that may expose it to these elements, such as swimming, cleaning, or applying cosmetics.
For those who wear tanzanite jewelry regularly, it is a good idea to have it professionally cleaned and inspected every few years. A jeweler can check for any signs of wear or damage and provide recommendations for maintenance. This can help ensure that the jewelry remains in excellent condition and continues to be a cherished possession for many years.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, the December birthstone, is a gemstone of remarkable beauty, rarity, and significance. Its deep blue to violet hues, unique geological formation, and rich symbolism make it a standout choice for those born in December and for those who appreciate the allure of rare gemstones. From its discovery in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania to its rise to prominence through the efforts of Tiffany & Co., tanzanite has captured the imagination of gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.
The gemstone’s association with spiritual growth, emotional healing, and enduring love adds to its enduring appeal. Whether worn as a birthstone, an anniversary gift, or simply as a symbol of personal significance, tanzanite offers a unique blend of beauty and meaning. Its moderate hardness and pleochroism further enhance its desirability, making it a versatile choice for various types of jewelry.
As with any gemstone, proper care and maintenance are essential for preserving the beauty and value of tanzanite. By following simple care guidelines and seeking professional advice when needed, tanzanite jewelry can be enjoyed for generations. In a world where gemstones continue to captivate and inspire, tanzanite stands as a testament to the enduring allure of nature’s treasures.