Peridot, the vibrant green birthstone for August, boasts a history as rich and colorful as its hue. Valued for millennia and often mistaken for emeralds, this gem’s origins are as terrestrial as volcanic depths and as extraterrestrial as meteorites. Peridot’s appeal lies not only in its captivating color but also in the beliefs surrounding its protective and healing properties, making it a significant stone in various cultures and a cherished addition to the world of gemstones. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back over two thousand years. Its earliest known source was the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, mined as early as 340–279 BCE. This island, often referred to as Topazios, ironically lent its name to the gem topaz, as peridot was frequently misidentified as its more well-known counterpart. The ancient Egyptians held peridot in high esteem, believing it to possess protective powers and associating it with the sun. It was often referred to as the “gem of the sun” and adorned the jewelry of priests and royalty, including, potentially, the famed collection of Queen Cleopatra.
Medieval Europe also embraced peridot, though often under the mistaken belief that it was emerald. Over 200 carats of peridot, thought to be emeralds at the time, are featured in the Three Holy Kings shrine in Cologne Cathedral, a testament to the gem’s enduring appeal and perceived value. During this period, peridot was considered a charm against “terrors of the night,” offering protection from evil spirits and enchantment. Romans also wore peridot to ward off melancholy.
Beyond the Mediterranean, peridot holds a special place in Hawaiian culture. The gem is believed to represent the tears of Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes, washing ashore on the volcanic beaches of Hawaii. This connection to the volcanic landscape further reinforces the gem’s association with the earth’s powerful forces.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate mineral formed deep within the Earth’s mantle. Unlike many gemstones that form in the Earth’s crust, peridot is brought to the surface through volcanic activity. It is found in hardened lava and, uniquely, in pallasite meteorites – stony-iron meteorites that originate from the asteroid belt. This extraterrestrial origin makes peridot one of the few gemstones not solely formed on Earth.
Historically, Zabargad in the Red Sea was the primary source of peridot. However, today, significant deposits are found in several locations worldwide. Myanmar (Burma) is known for producing peridot with rich color and large cuts. Vietnam has also become a popular source, offering stones with varied shades of green. Other notable sources include China, Pakistan, Tanzania, and the United States, particularly Arizona, where peridot is found in volcanic rocks called pallasites. Hawaii’s Peridot Beach is also a source, though collecting the gem from the beach is often restricted.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s defining characteristic is its vibrant green color, ranging from a bright grassy hue to a rich olive green. This color is due to the presence of iron within the crystal structure; the more iron present, the more intense the green. Peridot is unique in that it is typically found in only one color, unlike many other gemstones that exhibit a range of hues.
Gemologically, peridot typically ranks between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale. This makes it relatively durable, though still susceptible to scratches and abrasions. It is a silicate mineral, specifically a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Peridot forms in crystals, and mineralogists also refer to it as chrysolite, derived from the Greek word for “goldstone.”
The gem’s optical properties contribute to its appeal. It exhibits a vitreous luster and can display a distinctive “evening emerald” effect, appearing particularly vibrant in low light conditions. While not typically treated, some peridot may undergo heat treatment to improve color, though this is not a common practice.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Olivine |
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Green (light to dark) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 - 3.48 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed it protected against evil and harnessed the power of the sun. In medieval times, it was considered a talisman against nightmares and negative energies.
Modern metaphysical practitioners continue to associate peridot with healing and positive energy. It is believed to aid in personal growth, facilitating self-confidence and helping individuals understand their life purpose. Peridot is thought to clear emotional blockages, promote inner peace, and inspire new beginnings. Some believe it can help heal bruised egos and magnify inner understanding. It is also considered a beneficial stone for mothers during delivery, bringing good luck and protection.
Astrologically, peridot is linked to the signs of Leo and Virgo. For Leos, it is believed to enhance self-confidence and warmth. For Virgos, it is thought to balance emotions and clear negative energy, offering protection and healing. The gem is also associated with harmony and a sense of peace.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds, sapphires, and rubies. Avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Cleaning peridot is best done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the stone to remove dirt and grime, then rinse thoroughly with clean water. Dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s vibrant color and luster. Avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, as this may cause fading over time.
Conclusion
Peridot, the August birthstone, is a gem of captivating beauty and rich history. From its ancient origins in the Red Sea and its association with Egyptian royalty to its modern-day recognition as a stone of healing and renewal, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its unique geological formation, ranging from volcanic depths to extraterrestrial origins, adds to its mystique. Whether admired for its vibrant green hue, cherished for its symbolic meaning, or valued for its perceived metaphysical properties, peridot remains a significant and beloved gemstone.