Sapphires, the celebrated September birthstone, are among the most revered gemstones in history. Known for their breathtaking blue hues and remarkable durability, sapphires have captivated civilizations for millennia. As members of the corundum family, they share a close kinship with rubies and are second only to diamonds in hardness on the Mohs scale. Beyond their physical properties, sapphires have been imbued with deep symbolic meaning—associated with truth, wisdom, and divine favor. This article delves into the geological and historical foundations of sapphires, their cultural and metaphysical significance, and their role in modern jewelry. We will also explore two alternative September birthstones, carnelian and lapis lazuli, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gems associated with this month.
History and Lore
Sapphires have a long and illustrious history, often linked to royalty, spirituality, and the divine. The name sapphire is derived from the Greek word sappheiros, meaning "blue." The term was historically used to refer not only to the blue corundum we now know as sapphire but also to lapis lazuli, which was once mistaken for the same gem. Over time, the distinction between the two stones became clearer, and sapphire became specifically associated with the blue variety of corundum.
In ancient Greece and Rome, sapphires were believed to offer protection from harm and envy. They were considered symbols of wisdom and were often used in rings and amulets. The Greeks and Romans also associated sapphires with the heavens. For instance, the ancient Persians believed the Earth was resting on a massive sapphire, which gave the sky its blue color. This belief highlights the stone's association with the divine and the cosmos.
During the Middle Ages, sapphires were worn by clergy as they symbolized Heaven and purity. Their deep blue hue was thought to reflect the celestial realm, making them a favorite among religious leaders. In medieval Europe, sapphires were also believed to possess healing properties. They were thought to cure plague boils, eye diseases, and even to serve as an antidote to poison. These beliefs contributed to the stone’s mystique and reinforced its status as a gem of power and protection.
Sapphires have also played a significant role in royal and aristocratic circles. The gem was often used in crowns, scepters, and regalia, symbolizing nobility and divine right. One of the most famous examples is the sapphire engagement ring worn by Princess Diana and later by Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. This ring, featuring a 12-carat Ceylon sapphire surrounded by diamonds, became an iconic symbol of royal romance and modern elegance.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires belong to the corundum family, which is composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). While corundum is inherently colorless, trace elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, and magnesium are responsible for the wide range of colors seen in sapphires. The presence of iron and titanium produces the classic blue sapphire, while chromium or vanadium can result in pink or red corundum (which is classified as a ruby). The absence of these elements can lead to colorless sapphires, and other combinations yield sapphires in orange, yellow, green, purple, and even black.
The formation of sapphires requires specific geological conditions. They are typically found in metamorphic rocks formed under high pressure and temperature, or in igneous rocks such as basalt. The rarity of sapphires is partly due to the fact that the presence of silicon, a common element, can prevent sapphire formation. This makes sapphires among the most valuable and sought-after gemstones in the world.
Historically, the most prized sapphires have come from a few key locations. Kashmir in India is renowned for producing some of the finest sapphires in the world, particularly those with a distinctive cornflower blue color. Myanmar (formerly Burma) has also been a major source of high-quality sapphires, especially those with a deep, velvety blue. Sri Lanka is another significant source, known for its range of colored sapphires and their clarity.
In more recent times, sapphires have also been found in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and the United States (particularly in Montana). These newer sources have expanded the availability of sapphires while maintaining the stone’s reputation for quality and beauty.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are highly valued not only for their aesthetic appeal but also for their physical properties. Here is a detailed overview of their key characteristics:
- Chemical Formula: Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide)
- Hardness: 9.0 on the Mohs scale, making sapphires second only to diamonds in hardness
- Color: While blue is the most well-known and valuable color, sapphires can occur in a wide range of colors, including yellow, green, pink, orange, purple, and even colorless (fancy color sapphires)
- Clarity: Sapphires often contain inclusions, which are natural features formed during the gem’s growth. These inclusions can add character and value, but overly visible or detrimental ones may reduce the stone’s desirability
- Cut: Sapphires are typically cut into round, oval, cushion, or emerald shapes. The cut is chosen to maximize the stone’s brilliance and color
- Luster: Sapphires have a vitreous (glassy) luster
- Specific Gravity: Approximately 4.00
- Refractive Index: 1.76 to 1.78
Sapphires are heat and light resistant, making them ideal for everyday wear. They are also chemically stable and can withstand exposure to common household chemicals. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires should be cleaned carefully to avoid damage. A simple solution of warm, soapy water is generally safe for most sapphires, while ultrasonic and steam cleaners are suitable for untreated or heat-treated stones.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sapphires have long been associated with a wide range of symbolic meanings. In many cultures, they are seen as stones of truth, wisdom, and nobility. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that sapphires could protect their owners from harm and envy. In medieval Europe, sapphires were thought to have healing properties and were used as remedies for various ailments. These beliefs contributed to the stone’s enduring mystique and reinforced its status as a gem of power and protection.
In modern times, sapphires continue to be associated with loyalty, faithfulness, and the soul. They are often used in engagement rings, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Sapphires are also linked with the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, further emphasizing their role in matters of the heart.
Beyond their romantic symbolism, sapphires are also believed to have metaphysical properties. They are thought to enhance mental clarity, promote calmness, and encourage spiritual growth. Some practitioners of crystal healing use sapphires to open the throat and third eye chakras, enhancing communication and intuition.
In addition to their spiritual and emotional benefits, sapphires are also associated with prosperity and protection. Wearing a sapphire is believed to bring good fortune and ward off negative energies. These properties make sapphires a popular choice for those seeking both beauty and meaning in their gemstone jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintaining the beauty and longevity of a sapphire. While sapphires are among the hardest gemstones, they can still be damaged if not handled properly. Here are some tips for cleaning and maintaining sapphires:
- Cleaning: Sapphires can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth or brush. For untreated or heat-treated sapphires, ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires should only be cleaned with a damp cloth to avoid damaging the treatment.
- Storage: Store sapphires separately from other gemstones to prevent scratches. A soft pouch or jewelry box with individual compartments is ideal.
- Avoiding Harsh Chemicals: Sapphires are generally resistant to chemicals, but it is best to avoid exposure to harsh substances such as bleach or ammonia.
- Professional Cleaning: For valuable or antique sapphire jewelry, it is advisable to have it professionally cleaned by a jeweler who specializes in gemstone care.
By following these simple guidelines, you can ensure that your sapphire remains as radiant and beautiful as the day it was first set in jewelry.
Alternative September Birthstones
While sapphire is the traditional September birthstone, there are two alternative gems that are sometimes associated with this month: carnelian and lapis lazuli. These stones offer different aesthetic and symbolic qualities, making them appealing choices for those seeking an alternative to sapphire.
Carnelian
Carnelian is a variety of chalcedony that ranges in color from fiery red-orange to pink and brown. It is often used in cameos and beads, and its warm, vibrant color makes it a striking alternative to the cool blue of sapphire. Carnelian is associated with fertility, confidence, and abundance. It is believed to enhance vitality and stimulate creativity, making it a popular choice for those seeking inspiration and motivation.
With a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, carnelian is not as durable as sapphire, but it is still suitable for everyday wear. It is also believed to have the ability to cleanse other stones, making it a valuable addition to any crystal collection. Carnelian is thought to promote courage and decisiveness, making it an empowering gem for those who need a confidence boost.
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep blue stone often flecked with white calcite and golden pyrite. It has been prized for centuries for its beauty and spiritual significance. Lapis lazuli is associated with spirituality, wisdom, and the cosmos, and it is believed to enhance intuition and emotional balance. It is also thought to have protective properties and is often used in meditation and spiritual practices.
With a hardness of 5 to 6 on the Mohs scale, lapis lazuli is relatively soft and can be easily scratched. It should be handled with care to avoid damage. Despite its lower hardness, lapis lazuli is still a beautiful and meaningful gemstone that has been cherished by ancient cultures for its connection to the divine.
Both carnelian and lapis lazuli offer unique properties and symbolism, making them compelling choices for those seeking an alternative to the traditional September birthstone.
Conclusion
Sapphires, as the September birthstone, hold a place of distinction in the world of gemstones. Their rich history, remarkable physical properties, and deep symbolic meaning make them a gem of enduring appeal. From ancient times to the present day, sapphires have been associated with royalty, wisdom, and the divine. Whether worn as a symbol of love, a protective talisman, or a source of spiritual insight, sapphires continue to captivate and inspire.
In addition to sapphire, carnelian and lapis lazuli offer alternative options for those born in September. Each of these gems brings its own unique qualities and symbolism, allowing individuals to choose a stone that resonates with their personal journey and beliefs.
As we continue to appreciate and understand the significance of birthstones, sapphires remain a shining example of the beauty, history, and meaning that gemstones can bring into our lives.