Peridot, a vibrant green gemstone, holds the distinction of being one of the three birthstones for August, alongside spinel and sardonyx. Valued for millennia, this gem boasts a unique origin story – forming not only within the Earth’s crust but also in the molten rock of the upper mantle and even arriving on Earth via meteorites. Throughout history, peridot has been associated with prosperity, good health, and protection, earning it the moniker “gem of the sun” in ancient cultures. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history stretches back over 4,000 years, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. The island of Zabargad in the Red Sea was a significant source of peridot in antiquity, with mining operations potentially beginning as early as 340–279 BCE. The island’s harsh conditions led to ominous names like “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (“snake island”), yet the peridot produced there remained highly prized. Some historians speculate that the famed emerald collection of Cleopatra may have actually consisted largely of peridot.
The gem’s journey through history continued into medieval Europe, where it adorned priests’ jewelry as early as the second century BCE and was incorporated into chalices and church decorations. It was often mistaken for emeralds, a misidentification that persisted for centuries. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems previously believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Ancient Egyptians believed peridot was created from volcanic eruptions and absorbed the sun’s rays, releasing them at night. Romans referred to it as the “evening gem” due to its perceived glow in the dark. In biblical times, it was known as chrysolite, derived from the Greek word for “golden stone,” and was potentially included in the breastplate worn by Aaron, Moses’ brother. Throughout these eras, peridot was believed to ward off evil spirits and protect against “terrors of the night,” sometimes worn on donkey hair tied around the left arm for protection. Setting the stone in gold was thought to amplify its protective powers.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is an idiochromatic gemstone, meaning its color originates from its chemical composition rather than trace impurities. It is a gem variety of the mineral olivine. Uniquely, peridot is one of only two gemstones known to be formed in the Earth’s mantle, not the crust, and can also be found in meteorites. It forms in mafic and ultramafic rocks, occurring in lava and peridotite xenoliths of the mantle, as well as in silica-deficient rocks like volcanic basalt.
While historically sourced from Zabargad, today peridot is found globally. Significant deposits exist in China, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Hawaii also boasts a unique source: Peridot Beach, where the sands shimmer green due to ancient lava flows depositing the gemstone. Myanmar is known for producing large Burmese peridot specimens with rich color. Vietnamese peridot, discovered in the 1990s, is popular for its varied shades of green. The gem is also the national gem of Egypt, reflecting its long-standing historical connection to the region.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s color ranges from yellowish-green to greenish-yellow, with the intensity of the hue dependent on the amount of iron present in the stone. The more iron, the more distinct and valuable the gem. Peridot measures 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it durable enough for everyday wear, though protective settings like bezels are recommended to prevent chipping or scratching.
The word “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem.” While its chemical formula is not explicitly stated in the provided sources, it is understood to be a variety of olivine. The sources do not provide information on refractive index, specific gravity, or crystal system.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is widely regarded as a stone of compassion, believed to bring good health, restful sleep, and peace. It is associated with renewal, protection, and prosperity, often referred to as the “gem of the sun.”
Ancient Egyptians believed peridot possessed the power of the sun, absorbing its rays during the day and releasing them at night. This belief contributed to its association with warding off evil and protecting against negative energies. Modern metaphysical beliefs suggest peridot can help calm anger, cure depression, and make all things new. It is also linked to sharpening the mind and opening the heart to growth, helping individuals reveal their true purpose.
Peridot is the traditional birthstone for August and is also the gemstone associated with the 16th wedding anniversary.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling to avoid scratches and chips. Jewelers often recommend bezel settings, particularly for rings, to provide added protection. Cleaning peridot jewelry is relatively straightforward: warm, soapy water and a soft brush are generally sufficient. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent potential damage.
Conclusion
Peridot stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones, blending a rich history with unique geological origins and captivating symbolism. From its ancient roots in Egypt and medieval Europe to its modern status as a beloved birthstone, peridot continues to inspire and enchant. Its vibrant green hue, coupled with its association with good health, peace, and protection, makes it a gemstone of significant cultural and personal value. Whether sourced from the Earth’s mantle, a meteorite, or a volcanic beach, peridot remains a radiant gem with a story as captivating as its color.