Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its vibrant green hues, holds a prominent position as one of the three birthstones for August. Revered for millennia, this gem is often associated with good health, peace, and compassion. Its unique origin, forming in the depths of the Earth’s mantle and even arriving on meteorites, contributes to its mystique. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of peridot, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of peridot stretches back over 4,000 years, with evidence of its use dating back to ancient Egypt. It was highly valued by the Egyptians, and some historians speculate that the “emeralds” adorning Cleopatra’s jewelry were, in fact, peridot. The gem was mined on the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, a harsh and dangerous location that earned it ominous names like the “Island of Death” and “Ophiodes” (snake island). Mining operations began as early as 340–279 BCE, and the peridot sourced from this island remained prized for centuries.
Beyond Egypt, peridot held significance in other cultures. In medieval Europe, it was incorporated into priestly jewelry and used in chalices and churches. It was believed to possess protective qualities, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and “terrors of the night.” During the Middle Ages, peridot was also considered the stone of St. John, thought to ward off evil and protect against sadness and nightmares.
The name “peridot” itself originates from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning “gem.” Alternative names include “chrysolite,” translating to “golden stone” from ancient Greek, and “olivine,” referencing the mineral family to which it belongs. The Greek term “peridona” meant “to radiate wealth,” further highlighting the gem’s historical value.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is remarkable, differing from most gemstones. It is one of only two gems known to be formed not within the Earth’s crust, but in the molten rock of the upper mantle. This unique origin explains its occasional presence in meteorites. The gem is found in mafic and ultramafic rocks, particularly in lava and peridotite xenoliths. It also occurs in silica-deficient rocks like volcanic basalt.
While historically sourced from Zabargad Island, modern peridot comes from various locations worldwide. Significant deposits are found in China, Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. Hawaii boasts Peridot Beach, where the sands shimmer with a luminous green glow due to ancient lava flows depositing peridot grains. Vietnamese peridot, discovered in the 1990s, is noted for its varied shades of green, while Burmese peridot is celebrated for its large cuts and rich color.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is an idiochromatic gemstone, meaning its color is derived from its chemical composition, specifically the presence of iron. The color ranges from yellowish to brownish green, with the intensity of the green directly correlated to the amount of iron present – more iron generally equates to a more valuable stone. While predominantly green, yellow stones have also been found. The gem maintains a consistent green color under various lighting conditions.
Peridot’s hardness falls between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches. Its chemical formula is not explicitly stated in the provided sources. It is stable to light but can be attacked by sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, and prolonged exposure to acid perspiration should be avoided.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It is widely known as the “stone of compassion,” believed to bring good health, restful sleep, and peace to relationships by balancing emotions and the mind. It is associated with abundance, protection, and positivity.
The gem is also linked to specific life events, serving as the traditional stone to commemorate a 16th wedding anniversary. Ancient beliefs attributed protective powers to peridot, warding off evil spirits and negative energies. Some sources suggest it can even cure depression and calm anger.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, peridot requires careful handling. While fairly durable, it is susceptible to scratches from harsher gemstones. It is recommended to store peridot jewelry separately, wrapped in a soft cloth within a velvet-lined jewelry box. Exposure to heat and light should also be minimized.
Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended, as they can potentially damage the gemstone. Avoid contact with harsh chemicals, particularly sulfuric acid.
August Birthstone Alternatives
While peridot is considered the primary birthstone for August, it shares this honor with spinel and sardonyx. Spinel, often mistaken for ruby or sapphire due to its similar color range, is a separate mineral species with a different crystal structure and is generally more affordable. Sardonyx symbolizes strength, courage, and protection, and was historically used in amulets and seals.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its captivating green hues and rich history, remains a significant gemstone. From its ancient origins in Egypt and its association with Cleopatra to its unique formation within the Earth’s mantle, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its symbolism of compassion, peace, and good health, combined with its relative accessibility, makes it a cherished birthstone and a beautiful addition to any jewelry collection. Its enduring appeal stems from a blend of scientific intrigue, historical significance, and enduring beauty.