December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones, offering a spectrum of blues and beyond. Unlike months associated with a single gem, those born in December can choose from blue zircon, blue topaz, tanzanite, and turquoise, each possessing a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. This article delves into the characteristics of these December birthstones, exploring their historical significance, gemological properties, and care requirements, as understood through established gemological resources.
A History of December’s Gems
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month has ancient roots, evolving over centuries. While modern lists are relatively standardized, historical accounts reveal a more fluid assignment of birthstones. Turquoise and zircon have long been recognized as primary December birthstones, their association stemming from ancient traditions. Turquoise, for example, has been cherished for millennia, adorning the pharaohs of ancient Egypt and being carved by Chinese artisans over 3,000 years ago. It was believed to guarantee health and good fortune, and even to offer protection from physical harm.
The inclusion of topaz and zircon dates back to biblical times, and the practice of wearing birthstones in jewelry gained momentum during the medieval period. More recently, tanzanite has been added as a modern December birthstone, recognized for its striking color and relative rarity. The availability of multiple options reflects a desire to cater to diverse preferences in color, price, and personal meaning.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these December birthstones are geographically diverse. Turquoise, a semi-translucent to opaque gem, forms in relatively dry, arid regions. Its color arises from the presence of copper, and it often contains matrix – remnants of the host rock – which adds to its unique character.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, found in a rainbow of colors, though blue varieties are particularly favored as December birthstones. These blue hues are often achieved through heat treatment. Zircon sources overlap with those of sapphire, and can be found in Sri Lanka, Australia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Tanzanite, a relatively recent discovery, is exclusively found in a small area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, contributing to its desirability and value. Its unique blue to violet color is a result of its complex chemical composition and geological formation.
Blue topaz, a popular modern choice, is often created through irradiation and heat treatment of colorless topaz. Natural blue topaz is rarer. Topaz is found in various locations globally, including Brazil, Nigeria, and Russia.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and durability.
Turquoise: This gem is characterized by its color range from blue to green, and its relatively low hardness (around 5-6 on the Mohs scale). Its composition includes hydrated copper aluminum phosphate. The presence of matrix is a defining characteristic.
Zircon: Ranging from 6 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, zircon exhibits strong “fire,” or dispersion, meaning it displays flashes of color. It is commonly heat-treated to produce blue and colorless varieties, as well as orange, yellow, and red hues. Its chemical formula is ZrSiO₄.
Tanzanite: With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, tanzanite is relatively durable. Its pleochroism – displaying different colors when viewed from different angles – is a notable characteristic. Its chemical composition is Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH).
Blue Topaz: Topaz has a Mohs hardness of 8, making it a relatively durable gemstone. Blue topaz is often created through irradiation and heat treatment, altering the color of naturally colorless topaz. Its chemical formula is Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Mohs Hardness | Color(s) | Notable Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O | 5-6 | Blue to Green | Often contains matrix |
| Zircon | ZrSiO₄ | 6-7.5 | Blue, Colorless, etc. | Strong fire |
| Tanzanite | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue to Violet | Pleochroism |
| Blue Topaz | Al₂SiO₄(OH,F)₂ | 8 | Blue | Durable |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Turquoise, for instance, was believed to protect against falling and ward off disaster. Hindu mystics associated it with wealth.
Zircon, due to its ancient origins, has been linked to prosperity and wisdom. Some modern sources suggest zircon can promote restful sleep, though this is not widely accepted in formal gemology.
Tanzanite, being a more recent discovery, has quickly gained associations with transformation and spiritual growth. Its unique color is often linked to intuition and higher consciousness.
Blue topaz is often associated with calmness, serenity, and communication. It is believed to promote emotional stability and inspire creativity.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty of December birthstones. Zircon, due to its tendency to abrade, should be protected from rough wear. Avoid wearing it during activities like gardening or sports. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are not recommended for zircon. Cleaning should be done with a soft brush and mild soap in warm water.
Turquoise is relatively soft and porous, requiring gentle handling. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners. Clean with a soft cloth and mild soap.
Tanzanite, while relatively durable, can be susceptible to damage from heat and sudden temperature changes. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight and ultrasonic cleaners.
Blue topaz is durable enough for everyday wear, but should still be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, and turquoise – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. Each gem offers a unique aesthetic and resonates with different personalities and preferences. Whether seeking a vibrant blue, a protective talisman, or a stone associated with transformation, the December birthstones provide a diverse and captivating selection for those born in the final month of the year. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their beauty but also in the stories and traditions they carry, connecting wearers to a legacy of cultural significance and geological marvel.