For millennia, the sapphire has captivated humanity with its rich color and enduring beauty. As the birthstone for September, this gemstone embodies sincerity, truth, and nobility, qualities that have resonated across cultures and throughout history. While most readily recognized in its classic deep blue hue, the sapphire reveals a surprising spectrum of colors, each with its own unique appeal. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of the September birthstone, exploring its enduring legacy as a treasured gem.
History and Lore
The history of the sapphire is interwoven with tales of royalty, faith, and ancient beliefs. Throughout history, sapphires were seen as a symbol of royalty and extravagance. Ancient Greeks believed sapphires offered protection from harm, and held the crystals in high regard, associating them with heaven. Some even believed the Earth rested on a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color. These beliefs extended to the idea that sapphires could treat plagues and act as an antidote to poisons. Medieval Europeans shared similar beliefs, attributing healing powers to the stone, specifically for plague boils and eye diseases, and considering it an effective antidote to poison.
Clergy in the Middle Ages wore sapphires, viewing the gem as a symbol of Heaven, reflecting its celestial blue color. Ancient Persians held the belief that the world was supported by a massive sapphire, which imparted the blue hue to the sky. The association with divine favor continued into more recent history, as evidenced by the famed sapphire engagement ring given by Prince Charles to Lady Diana in 1981, later worn by Kate Middleton, solidifying the sapphire’s connection to royal love and commitment. Even earlier, some sources suggest the Ten Commandments were inscribed on sapphire tablets, though this claim is now largely attributed to a misinterpretation of references to lapis lazuli in biblical texts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements, such as iron and titanium, creates the characteristic blue color. Sapphires form in metamorphic and igneous rocks, requiring specific geological conditions of high temperature and pressure.
Historically, and continuing today, some of the most renowned sapphire sources include Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand. Australia is also a significant producer. Notably, Montana in the United States is a source of sapphires, though often lighter in color than those from other regions. Kashmir remains a legendary, though now less productive, source for exceptionally fine blue sapphires. Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam have also been sites of sapphire mining.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale – second only to diamonds. This durability makes them ideal for everyday wear in jewelry. While the “classic” sapphire color is a deep, velvety blue, sapphires actually occur in a wide range of colors, including pink, yellow, green, violet, black, and even color-change varieties. Red corundum is classified as ruby, not sapphire.
A high-quality, one-carat blue sapphire can range in price from $3000 to $5000, though prices fluctuate based on color saturation, clarity, and cut. The most valuable sapphires exhibit a concentrated, consistent blue hue under all lighting conditions. Sapphires can be subjected to various treatments to enhance their color and clarity, a common practice in the gem trade.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness | 9 on the Mohs scale |
| Classic Color | Deep “royal” blue |
| Other Hues | Pink, yellow, green, violet, black, color-change |
| Major Sources | Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia, Montana (USA) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphires have been imbued with rich symbolism. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Beyond these core values, sapphires have been associated with wisdom, purity, and faith.
Different cultures have attributed various powers to the sapphire. Buddhists believed the gemstone promoted inner peace, while in the seven heavens of Islam, sapphires were among the most desired precious stones. Some believe that pink sapphires exude romance, yellow sapphires radiate joy, and green sapphires embody nature’s beauty, demonstrating the diverse meanings associated with each color variation.
A less common variety, Water Sapphire (also known as Iolite), is a violet-blue stone believed to aid in visionary journeys.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphires are a durable gemstone, well-suited for everyday wear due to their high hardness. However, like all gemstones, they require proper care to maintain their brilliance. Sapphires can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with treated stones. Regular cleaning will help preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure its enduring beauty.
Conclusion
The sapphire, September’s birthstone, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its historical associations with royalty and divine favor to its remarkable geological properties and vibrant spectrum of colors, the sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its symbolism of sincerity, faithfulness, and wisdom resonates deeply, making it a cherished gem for both its aesthetic beauty and its profound meaning. Whether adorning a regal heirloom or a contemporary piece of jewelry, the sapphire remains a timeless treasure, embodying a legacy of elegance and enduring value.