For millennia, the month of September has been associated with gemstones revered for their beauty, symbolism, and historical significance. While sapphire is widely recognized as the primary birthstone for September, lapis lazuli holds a place as a traditional and valued alternative. Both stones carry rich histories and unique properties, making them compelling subjects for gemological study and appreciation. This article will explore the origins, characteristics, lore, and care of these captivating September birthstones.
History and Lore
Sapphires boast a history stretching back thousands of years, deeply intertwined with royalty, spirituality, and protection. Ancient Greeks believed sapphires offered safety from harm and envy, while ancient Persians held the belief that the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue hue. These early civilizations also attributed healing powers to the stone, believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison. Throughout the Middle Ages, sapphire was favored by clergy, symbolizing Heaven, and continued to adorn the robes and jewelry of royalty.
Lapis lazuli’s history is equally impressive, with evidence of its use dating back 6500 years. Originating in the Afghan region, its use quickly spread across Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Ancient cultures prized its intense blue color, valuing it alongside other blue gemstones like turquoise and sapphire. It was not merely ornamental; lapis lazuli was used in art, jewelry, cosmetics (Cleopatra famously used it as eyeshadow), and even medicine. Amulets and jewels crafted from lapis lazuli were discovered in the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh King Tutankhamun, demonstrating its importance in ancient Egyptian culture. Interestingly, lapis lazuli was sometimes incorrectly referred to as sapphire in ancient texts, as evidenced by its mention in the Old Testament as such.
Geological Formation and Sources
The sources provided do not detail the geological formation of sapphires or lapis lazuli, only their locations of origin and mining. Sapphires are mentioned as being found in various colors, ranging from blue to pink, but specific geological details are absent. Lapis lazuli is described as a blue metamorphic rock composed of three minerals: lazurite, pyrite, and calcite. To be classified as lapis lazuli, a rock must contain at least 25% blue lazurite, which is responsible for its distinctive color. The primary historical source of lapis lazuli is the Afghan region, with subsequent use and trade extending throughout Asia and the Middle East.
Gemological Properties
While a comprehensive gemological profile is not fully available within the provided sources, some key properties can be outlined. Sapphire, a variety of the mineral corundum, is known for its durability and is a popular choice for jewelry. The sources emphasize that blue sapphires are particularly prized, with velvety blue or violet shades commanding the highest prices per carat.
Lapis lazuli, being a metamorphic rock, has a Mohs hardness of 5-6, placing it in the middle of the hardness scale. This means it is harder than some gemstones but softer than many clear ones, making it susceptible to scratches and damage from pressure, heat, and abrasive cleaners. The presence of pyrite creates speckles of yellow within the stone, while calcite adds white intrusions, contributing to its unique appearance. Lapis lazuli exhibits an excellent polish, making it suitable for use in jewelry and ornamental objects.
The following table summarizes the limited gemological data available:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum | Metamorphic Rock |
| Hardness (Mohs) | Not specified | 5-6 |
| Color | Blue, Pink, etc. | Deep Blue |
| Composition | Not specified | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite |
| Luster | Not specified | Excellent Polish |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Both sapphire and lapis lazuli are rich in symbolism. Sapphire represents power, loyalty, and skill. It is believed to bring security, good luck, wisdom, and progress to its wearer. Historically, it symbolized nobility, truth, and faithfulness.
Lapis lazuli, often called the “Stone of Rulers,” is associated with power, wisdom, and psychic abilities. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians believed it brought strength, courage, and insight, inspiring honesty in both speech and writing. It was thought to relieve anger and dispel negative thoughts. The stone is linked to the concept of truth and revealing inner insight.
Care and Cleaning
The sources provide specific care instructions for lapis lazuli, owing to its relative softness. Lapis lazuli jewelry should be protected from pressure, heat, and harsh chemicals. Avoid using abrasive cleaners, as they can damage the surface of the stone.
While specific care instructions for sapphire are not detailed, its greater durability suggests it is more resistant to everyday wear and tear. However, as with all gemstones, it is advisable to avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners.
September and the Virgo Sign
The sources note that sapphire is frequently associated with the Virgo sun sign (August 23 to September 22). This alignment reinforces sapphire’s position as the traditional birthstone for September.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the birthstones of September, represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Sapphire, with its enduring association with royalty and spiritual insight, continues to be a highly prized gemstone. Lapis lazuli, steeped in ancient lore and revered for its vibrant blue hue, offers a compelling alternative with its own unique properties and significance. Both stones serve as a reminder of the enduring power and allure of the natural world, and their continued popularity ensures their place in the hearts and collections of gemstone enthusiasts for generations to come.