Sapphire, the captivating birthstone of September, has been revered for millennia for its rich color, remarkable durability, and profound symbolism. While most commonly recognized for its vibrant blue hues, sapphire encompasses a rainbow of colors, all belonging to the corundum mineral family – a family that also includes ruby, the red variety. This gem has adorned royalty, inspired folklore, and been attributed with healing powers throughout history, solidifying its place as a treasured gemstone and a significant cultural icon. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable September birthstone.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is deeply interwoven with tales of royalty, faith, and protection. Ancient civilizations held the September birthstone in high esteem, believing it possessed extraordinary powers. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were thought to safeguard their wearers from harm and envy. The elite classes of these empires prized the gem for its beauty and perceived protective qualities.
Medieval Europeans continued this tradition, associating sapphire with Heaven and believing it could cure plague boils and diseases of the eye. It was even considered an antidote to poison. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief, imagining the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, which was responsible for the blue color of the sky.
The gem’s symbolism extended beyond physical protection. Clerics of the Middle Ages wore sapphires as a representation of Heaven, further cementing its association with spirituality and purity. Legends also abound, with some accounts suggesting the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting its perceived strength and enduring nature.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are formed in metamorphic and igneous rocks, requiring specific geological conditions to develop their characteristic crystalline structure. Historically significant sources for the September birthstone include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. These locations were renowned for producing sapphires of exceptional quality and color.
However, significant quantities have also been discovered in more recent times in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone, originated in Myanmar and was acquired from an Indian maharaja in 1934. Another famous example is the 12-carat blue gem set in the engagement ring first worn by Princess Diana and later given to Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, demonstrating the enduring appeal of this gemstone.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s allure stems not only from its beauty but also from its exceptional physical properties. It is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace elements create the diverse range of colors seen in sapphires. Blue sapphires derive their color from traces of iron and titanium.
Sapphire is renowned for its hardness, registering a 9 on the Mohs scale – second only to diamond. This exceptional hardness makes it highly durable and resistant to scratching, making it an ideal choice for everyday wear. While blue is the most well-known color, sapphires occur in almost every hue, excluding red (which is reserved for ruby).
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These associations have contributed to its enduring popularity as a symbol of commitment and lasting love.
Beyond these core values, various cultures have attributed additional meanings to sapphire. Buddhists believed the gem promoted inner peace, while in the seven heavens of Islam, sapphires were among the most desired precious stones. Medieval beliefs also extended to healing properties, with the gem thought to be an antidote to poison and capable of curing various ailments. Some sources suggest sapphires were used as protective talismans, shielding the wearer from evil spirits and nightmares.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and luster. Sapphire jewelry can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gem’s surface.
Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or treated, as these treatments can be affected by the cleaning process. Regular cleaning will help remove dirt and oils, allowing the sapphire to sparkle and shine.
September Birthstone Variations
While sapphire is overwhelmingly recognized as the September birthstone, some sources acknowledge variations in traditional and modern birthstone charts. The traditional September birthstone remains sapphire, but modern lists sometimes include spinel, citrine, or tanzanite as alternative options. However, sapphire consistently holds the primary position as the birthstone for those born in September.
Sapphire in Jewelry
Sapphire’s beauty and durability make it a popular choice for a wide range of jewelry designs. It is frequently used in engagement rings, pendants, earrings, and bracelets. The gem’s versatility allows it to be showcased in various cuts and settings, from classic solitaire designs to more elaborate and contemporary styles. The enduring appeal of sapphire ensures its continued prominence in the world of fine jewelry.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring beauty and captivating lore of gemstones. From its ancient origins as a symbol of royalty and protection to its modern-day status as a cherished birthstone and a prized possession, sapphire continues to inspire and enchant. Its exceptional hardness, diverse colors, and rich symbolism make it a truly remarkable gem, worthy of its place in history and in the hearts of those who appreciate its timeless elegance.