March is uniquely blessed with two recognized birthstones: bloodstone and aquamarine. While bloodstone holds a traditional place, aquamarine is widely considered the modern birthstone for this month, evoking the clarity and color of the ocean. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of aquamarine, exploring its significance throughout history and its enduring appeal today.
History and Lore
The name “aquamarine” itself is derived from the Latin “aqua marina,” meaning “seawater,” a testament to its captivating blue hues. Ancient mariners held this gem in high regard, believing it possessed the power to calm waves and ensure a safe voyage. Beyond seafaring protection, aquamarine was thought to bring happiness in marriage and offer protection against foes in battle and legal disputes. It was believed to imbue the wearer with unconquerable spirit, amiability, and enhanced intellect.
The use of beryl, the mineral family to which aquamarine belongs, dates back centuries, with various colored beryls holding significance. However, the specific recognition of aquamarine as a distinct and valued gemstone developed over time. The practice of assigning gemstones to specific months emerged between the 16th and 18th centuries, with Poland being a key origin for these “traditional birthstones.” In 1912, the National Association of Jewelers in the United States formalized a list of “contemporary birthstones,” including aquamarine as the primary stone for March. This shift towards transparent gems in the modern list reflects evolving aesthetic preferences.
Geological Formation and Sources
Aquamarine is a variety of the mineral beryl, with a chemical formula of Be3Al2(Si16O18), a beryllium aluminum silicate. Beryl crystallizes in the hexagonal system and exhibits a hardness ranging from 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry settings. Its formation occurs in pegmatite deposits – coarse-grained igneous rocks – often found in mountainous regions. These deposits form during the late stages of magma cooling, allowing for the concentration of rare elements like beryllium.
For the past two centuries, the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais has been a particularly important source of aquamarine. The region’s diverse landscapes, encompassing rocky hills, rivers, and savannahs, conceal both primary (hard rock) and secondary (weathered) pegmatite deposits. The gem center of Teófilo Otoni within Minas Gerais is renowned for its aquamarine finds. Aquamarine has also been found in other locations around the world, though Brazil remains a dominant source.
Gemological Properties
Aquamarine displays a range of blue hues, from pale and light blues to more intense, slightly greenish-blue shades. High-quality aquamarines are often remarkably clear, free from visible inclusions, and possess a vitreous luster. The refractive index of aquamarine typically falls between 1.57 and 1.59, contributing to its brilliance. It is optically uniaxial negative and can exhibit strong dichroism in some specimens, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles.
Inclusions within aquamarine can include mica, hematite, and liquid-filled tubes or hoses. These liquid inclusions often contain saltwater and can expand significantly when heated, potentially causing fractures or, in rare cases, even explosive breakage. Therefore, caution should be exercised when cleaning or repairing aquamarine jewelry.
Other varieties of beryl are also used as gemstones, including emerald (blue-green to green), goshenite (colorless), morganite (pink to violet), and golden beryl (heliodor). A rare red beryl is found in Utah, adding to the diversity within the beryl family. The name “aquamarine” has historically been used to modify other gemstones, such as “aquamarine tourmaline” or “aquamarine sapphire,” though these are now recognized as distinct minerals.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, aquamarine has been associated with various symbolic meanings. Its connection to the sea has naturally led to associations with tranquility, calmness, and courage. The gem was believed to protect sailors, promote marital happiness, and offer protection in times of conflict. Beyond these traditional beliefs, aquamarine is often seen as a stone of clarity, promoting clear thought, communication, and emotional balance.
While specific metaphysical properties are not universally accepted, many believe aquamarine can help to soothe emotional turbulence, reduce stress, and enhance intuition. It is often used in meditation practices to promote inner peace and self-discovery.
Care and Cleaning
Aquamarine’s hardness of 7.5 to 8 on the Mohs scale makes it relatively durable, suitable for everyday wear. However, like all gemstones, it requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Aquamarine is susceptible to damage from sudden temperature changes and harsh chemicals.
Cleaning aquamarine jewelry can be done with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as the liquid inclusions within the gem can expand with heat, potentially causing damage. It is also advisable to remove aquamarine jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help to preserve the gem’s luster and ensure its lasting beauty.
Notable Aquamarines
Aquamarine has been featured in several notable gemstones throughout history. In 1936, the government of Brazil presented First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt with a remarkable aquamarine weighing 1,298 carats. This dark blue, rectangular step-cut gem was faceted from a larger piece of rough weighing 2.9 pounds and is now housed at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York.
Perhaps the most celebrated aquamarine is the Dom Pedro Aquamarine, believed to be the largest faceted aquamarine in the world, weighing 10,363 carats (approximately 4.6 pounds). Fashioned into a 14-inch obelisk by German lapidary Berndt Munsteiner using the fantasy cut technique, this magnificent gem is a prominent attraction at the Smithsonian Institution.
Conclusion
Aquamarine, the captivating birthstone of March, embodies the serenity and beauty of the sea. From its ancient origins as a talisman for sailors to its modern recognition as a symbol of clarity and peace, aquamarine continues to enchant and inspire. Its geological formation, unique gemological properties, and rich history contribute to its enduring appeal, making it a treasured gemstone for generations to come. The stone’s range of blue hues, combined with its durability and symbolic significance, ensures its place as a beloved gem for both jewelry enthusiasts and those seeking its purported metaphysical benefits.