The ruby, a gemstone steeped in history, lore, and vibrant color, holds a prominent position in the world of gemstones and is recognized as the birthstone for July. Derived from the Latin word ruber, meaning “red,” the ruby’s captivating hue has long symbolized passion, love, and vitality. This article will delve into the ruby’s historical significance, geological origins, gemological properties, cultural symbolism, and practical care, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The ruby’s history stretches back millennia, with references appearing in ancient texts and civilizations. In ancient India, the ruby was revered as the “king of precious stones,” prized for its rarity, exceptional hardness – second only to diamond – and perceived mystical powers. It was associated with the life force, representing power and youthful energy, and frequently featured in Indian jewelry. Ancient beliefs attributed to the ruby the ability to predict misfortune or danger, and some even claimed it could cure inflammatory diseases and quell anger. Burmese warriors believed possessing a ruby rendered them invincible in battle, while medieval Europeans considered the gem a bestower of health, wisdom, wealth, and success in love.
The ruby’s significance extends beyond ancient times. It is traditionally given as a gift to celebrate both the 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries, signifying enduring passion and commitment. References to gemstones, including those likely representing rubies, can even be found in the biblical book of Exodus, where twelve gemstones adorned the prophet Aaron’s breastplate. While the standardization of birthstones occurred in the early 1900s by the National Association of Jewelers, the association of specific gems with particular months dates back to ancient traditions and astrological beliefs.
Geological Formation and Sources
Rubies are a variety of the mineral corundum, and their characteristic red color arises from trace amounts of the element chromium. The intensity of the red is directly proportional to the amount of chromium present; the most prized color is a deep, rich red with a hint of purple, known in the trade as “pigeon’s blood.”
Historically, Myanmar (formerly Burma) has been the most significant source of fine rubies, particularly from the Mogok area. For over five centuries, Mogok has yielded rubies of exceptional quality, characterized by light-scattering inclusions and a vibrant red fluorescence. The region’s unique geological setting, featuring weathered marble and ancient Buddhist temples, contributes to the rubies’ distinctive characteristics.
More recently, Vietnam has emerged as an important source, with rubies originating from the Luc Yen region in the north and the Quy Chau district in the south. Mozambique is also a notable contemporary source, with rubies from the Montepuez mines often compared favorably to those from Mogok. In the late 20th century, deposits along the border between Thailand and Cambodia were major suppliers. Other producers include Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, and Madagascar.
Gemological Properties
Rubies belong to the corundum family, a group of minerals that also includes sapphire. All colors of corundum, except for red, are classified as sapphire. The ruby’s exceptional hardness, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale, contributes to its durability and suitability for jewelry.
The ideal ruby exhibits a vibrant, saturated red color with minimal purple or orange tones. The presence of inclusions, while sometimes detracting from clarity, can also serve as a “fingerprint,” confirming the ruby’s natural origin. The most valuable rubies possess a glowing red fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Color | Red (various shades) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Luster | Adamantine (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.97 - 4.05 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, the ruby has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Beyond its association with love and passion, it has been considered a symbol of power, courage, and protection. Ancient civilizations believed rubies possessed mystical abilities, capable of predicting misfortune and curing ailments. Some cultures associated the gem with heightened intuition and pleasure. The ruby’s vibrant color and perceived energy have contributed to its enduring appeal and symbolic significance.
Ruby Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, the ruby is a relatively durable gemstone. However, proper care is essential to maintain its brilliance and beauty. Rubies can be safely cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the stone’s surface. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for rubies, but caution should be exercised if the ruby contains fractures or has been treated to enhance its clarity. Regular cleaning will help preserve the ruby’s luster and ensure it remains a cherished possession for generations.
Conclusion
The ruby, with its rich history, captivating color, and exceptional durability, remains one of the most coveted gemstones in the world. As the birthstone for July, it symbolizes passion, courage, and vitality. From ancient civilizations to modern jewelry, the ruby continues to inspire and enchant, solidifying its position as the “king of precious stones.” Its geological origins, spanning continents and centuries, contribute to its unique character and enduring appeal. The ruby’s enduring legacy is a testament to its timeless beauty and profound cultural significance.