For those born in August, a captivating green gemstone holds a special significance: peridot. Often referred to as the “evening emerald” due to its vibrant glow even in low light, peridot boasts a rich history, a unique geological origin, and a symbolism steeped in ancient lore. While August also recognizes spinel and sardonyx as birthstones, peridot remains the most widely recognized and celebrated gem for this summer month. This article will delve into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its historical uses, geological formation, gemological properties, and the enduring beliefs surrounding this captivating stone.
A History Shrouded in Misidentification
Peridot’s story is one of mistaken identity and enduring appeal. Its history stretches back millennia, with evidence of its use dating as far back as 1500 BC in ancient Egypt. Known then as the “gem of the sun,” it was highly prized and believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares and bringing confidence, health, and positive energy. The primary source for these ancient peridots was the volcanic island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, a location that remained a significant source for centuries.
However, throughout much of its history, peridot was frequently confused with other green gemstones, particularly emerald and topaz. The island of Topazios, now known as Zabargad, was believed to be the source of topaz, but in reality, yielded peridot. Ancient scholars, including Pliny the Elder, often referred to peridot as “topaz,” contributing to this long-standing misidentification. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot, sourced from Zabargad. This confusion continued into the Middle Ages, with stones adorning church altars and clerical robes often believed to be emeralds but later identified as peridot.
The recognition of peridot as a distinct gemstone gained momentum over time, and by the Victorian era, it had become a popular choice for jewelry. More recently, in 2016, the Jewelers of America and the American Gem Trade Association formally recognized spinel as an additional August birthstone, expanding the options for those born in this month. However, peridot remains the classic and most recognized choice.
Geological Origins: From Mantle to Meteorite
Peridot’s formation is as remarkable as its history. Unlike many gemstones that form in the Earth’s crust, peridot originates in the Earth’s mantle, a layer deep beneath the surface. It forms under extreme conditions, often within hardened lava that carries the crystals upwards. This volcanic origin explains why peridot is often found in basaltic lava flows.
Remarkably, peridot has also been discovered in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones known to originate from outer space. These extraterrestrial peridots offer a unique glimpse into the composition of other worlds. While Zabargad in the Red Sea was historically a major source, peridot is also found in other locations, including Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Pakistan, and the United States, particularly in Arizona and New Mexico. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest have made peridot birthstone jewelry more accessible than ever before.
Gemological Properties: A Unique Green Hue
Peridot is the gem variety of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄. Its distinctive green color is due to the presence of iron within its crystal structure. The intensity and tint of the green can vary, ranging from yellowish-green to olive green, depending on the amount of iron present. The most desirable peridots exhibit a brilliant, pure green hue without any noticeable brown or yellow tones.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Color | Yellowish-green to olive green |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Transparency | Transparent to translucent |
Peridot typically exhibits a vitreous luster and is transparent to translucent. Its hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable but still susceptible to scratches and damage from harder materials. This moderate hardness requires careful handling and storage to maintain its brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed it protected against nightmares and evil spirits, while also promoting confidence and well-being. The ancient Hawaiians associated peridot with the tears of Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, believing the stones were brought to the surface by volcanic activity.
In medieval Europe, peridot was highly valued by royalty and clergy, often used to decorate sacred objects. It was thought to possess healing properties and ward off enchantments. More recently, peridot has been associated with prosperity, good fortune, and positive energy. It is often given as a gift to celebrate the 16th wedding anniversary. Some believe it can strengthen relationships and bring harmony to those around the wearer.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds, sapphires, and rubies. Avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the stone to remove any dirt or grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and ensure its lasting beauty.
Conclusion
Peridot, the vibrant green birthstone of August, is a gem with a captivating history, a unique geological origin, and a rich symbolism. From its ancient roots as the “gem of the sun” in Egypt to its modern recognition as a cherished birthstone, peridot continues to enchant and inspire. Its formation within the Earth’s mantle and even in meteorites adds to its mystique, while its moderate hardness requires careful handling to preserve its beauty. Whether admired for its aesthetic appeal or cherished for its believed metaphysical properties, peridot remains a timeless gemstone with a lasting legacy.