August boasts not one, but three recognized birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. While all three offer unique beauty and symbolism, peridot stands out as the most traditionally associated and widely recognized gem for those born in August. This vibrant, olive-green to yellowish-green gemstone possesses a rich history, fascinating geological origins, and a captivating lore that spans millennia. Often mistaken for emeralds in antiquity, peridot’s story is one of misidentification, royal association, and enduring appeal. This article will delve into the history, geological formation, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating August birthstone.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is interwoven with tales of mistaken identity and royal adornment. For centuries, the gem was often confused with other green stones, particularly emeralds and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, now known as Zabargad, was historically believed to be a source of topaz, but in reality, yielded significant quantities of peridot. Ancient scholars, including Pliny the Elder, referred to this stone as “topaz,” contributing to the long-standing misnomer.
The association with royalty and religious significance is prominent throughout peridot’s history. It is referenced in the Bible, and some scholars believe the “topaz” mentioned in historical texts was, in fact, peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. Perhaps most famously, speculation exists that Cleopatra’s renowned emerald collection actually consisted largely of peridot.
Beyond its association with the elite, peridot held symbolic meaning for various cultures. Traditionally, it was believed to possess protective qualities, warding off nightmares, evil, and enchantments. Ancient Hawaiians attributed peridot to the tears of the goddess Pele, brought to the surface by volcanic activity. It was also used as a talisman, shielding the wearer from negative energies and “terrors of the night.” Peridot is also the traditional gift given for a 16th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, a silicate composed of magnesium and iron. Its formation occurs under extreme conditions, primarily within the Earth’s mantle. The gem is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, found within hardened lava flows. Remarkably, peridot has even been discovered in meteorites, originating from the outer reaches of space.
While historically sourced from the Red Sea island of Zabargad, modern peridot deposits are found in various locations around the world. Recent discoveries in the American Southwest, particularly in Arizona, have made peridot jewelry more accessible. Other notable sources include Myanmar (Burma), Pakistan, Vietnam, and Brazil. The color of peridot is directly influenced by the amount of iron present in the stone, ranging from yellowish-green to olive green.
Gemological Properties
Peridot possesses distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique appeal. It typically exhibits a yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue, though variations in color intensity can occur. The gem’s brilliance is notable, particularly in low light conditions, earning it the nickname “evening emerald.”
Here’s a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Mineral Family | Olivine |
| Color | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow |
| Mohs Hardness | 6.5 - 7 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.34 – 3.48 |
| Refractive Index | 1.654 – 1.689 |
| Crystal System | Orthorhombic |
Peridot’s hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale indicates it is relatively durable, but still susceptible to scratching and damage from harder materials. Its specific gravity falls between 3.34 and 3.48, and its refractive index ranges from 1.654 to 1.689. These properties contribute to its characteristic luster and brilliance.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning. Traditionally, it symbolized strength and was believed to offer protection against negative energies. The ancient Hawaiians connected the gem to the goddess Pele, viewing it as her solidified tears.
Beyond its protective qualities, peridot is often associated with prosperity, good fortune, and inner peace. It is believed to enhance creativity, boost confidence, and promote emotional balance. While these metaphysical beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the gem’s enduring appeal and cultural significance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches from harder materials, so it should be stored separately from diamonds, sapphires, and rubies. Avoid exposing peridot to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can damage the stone.
Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the gem to remove any dirt or grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. Regular cleaning will help maintain peridot’s brilliance and luster.
Spinel and Sardonyx: Alternative August Birthstones
While peridot is the most recognized August birthstone, spinel and sardonyx also hold significance. Spinel, a relatively recent addition to the list in 2016, is a hard mineral available in a variety of colors, including red, pink, blue, white, and black. With a Mohs hardness of 8, it is more durable than peridot. Sardonyx, a red and white banded variety of chalcedony, is the traditional August birthstone, with a history dating back over 4,000 years.
Conclusion
Peridot, with its vibrant green hue and captivating history, remains a cherished gemstone and a fitting symbol for those born in August. From its ancient origins and frequent misidentification as emerald to its modern-day appeal and protective symbolism, peridot’s story is one of enduring fascination. Its unique geological formation, coupled with its distinct gemological properties, makes it a truly remarkable gem. Whether admired for its beauty, appreciated for its historical significance, or valued for its perceived metaphysical benefits, peridot continues to captivate gemstone enthusiasts and jewelry lovers alike.