Amber, a captivating organic gemstone, holds a unique position in the world of gems, not as a mineral, but as fossilized tree resin. Recognized as a July birthstone, specifically the high priest birthstone according to some traditions, amber boasts a history stretching back millennia, interwoven with folklore, practical use, and artistic expression. This article will delve into the origins, properties, historical significance, and cultural beliefs surrounding this remarkable substance.
History and Lore
Humans have been captivated by amber for tens of thousands of years. Archaeological discoveries reveal amber artifacts dating back to the 6th dynasty in Egypt, around 3200 B.C., demonstrating its early use in creating decorations. In ancient times, amber held significant economic value, serving even as a form of currency in the Baltic region and demanded as tribute by the Romans from the Britons.
Throughout history, amber has been imbued with mystical properties. In pre-Christian Europe, it was believed to preserve and restore strength and vitality, with warriors wearing amber amulets for victory in battle. Baltic peoples believed it prolonged life and alleviated joint pain. Brides considered amber a talisman ensuring happiness and longevity, incorporating it into their wedding attire. Even further afield, Eskimo and Tibetan cultures valued amber as a beneficial charm for fishing and hunting endeavors.
Stories and legends further enriched amber’s lore. One tale recounts a merlin placing an amber necklace on a habitually dishonest girl, the beads tightening with each falsehood, serving as a constant reminder to speak truthfully. Another legend speaks of the Shah of Persia wearing a large block of amber for protection against assassination. In Europe, amber specimens with natural inclusions resembling letters or initials were highly prized, believed to possess talismanic power, with rulers like Friedrich Wilhelm I reportedly paying fortunes for such pieces. The ancient name for amber, “electron,” is even the root of the word “electricity,” stemming from the observation that rubbed amber develops a static charge.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amber is not a mineral formed through geological processes, but rather fossilized resin from ancient trees. This resin, secreted to protect the tree from fungus and decay, hardened over millions of years under pressure and heat, becoming buried within layers of vegetation and earth. Most amber available today is between 30 and 90 million years old.
The primary source of amber is the Kaliningrad region of Russia, formerly Prussia, accounting for approximately 90% of all deposits. However, amber can also be found along the shores of the Baltic Sea, where it continues to wash ashore even today. Notably, amber from the Dominican Republic is sometimes found in a rare blue hue. New Zealand also yields a unique amber, referred to as ‘resinite’ or ‘ambrite’ when found in coal seams.
Gemological Properties
Amber differs significantly from traditional gemstones in its composition and structure. It is an amorphous substance, lacking the crystalline structure characteristic of minerals. Its specific gravity is very low, meaning it is exceptionally light, and allows it to float in salt water – a useful test for authenticity. This low density also makes it difficult to imitate.
While commonly associated with a brownish-honey color, amber exhibits a remarkable range of hues, with 256 identified shades. Colors include pale yellow, deep orange, burnt red, copper, cream, white, green, and even violet, depending on the plant material preserved within the resin. Baltic amber can be treated to achieve a deep blue effect, mimicking the naturally occurring blue amber from the Dominican Republic. Amber is relatively soft, making it one of the first materials used by humans for creating decorations.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, amber has been attributed with a variety of symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is associated with love, strength, luck, healing, and protection. Some believe it can calm hyperactivity and stressed nerves, fostering humor and joy. Legend suggests amber enhanced the powers of magicians and sorcerers.
In astrological terms, amber is linked to several zodiac signs. It is considered the birthstone for Cancer, reflecting the energy of the sunniest and warmest month of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. It is also associated with Taurus, stabilizing energies and offering protection and balance due to its earthy origins and orange-gold colors.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, amber requires careful handling and cleaning. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and abrasive materials. Gentle cleaning with a soft cloth and lukewarm, soapy water is recommended. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, which can cause fading.
Market Value and Availability
The price of amber varies widely, ranging from as little as $20 for amber jewelry with silver to over $40,000 for exceptional pieces set in platinum or gold with other gemstones. The value is determined by factors such as color, clarity, size, and the presence of inclusions, particularly fossilized insects. Amber is readily available, though high-quality specimens can command significant prices.
Conclusion
Amber stands as a unique and historically significant gemstone, distinguished by its organic origin and captivating beauty. From its ancient use as currency and ornamentation to its enduring symbolism and metaphysical properties, amber continues to fascinate and inspire. Its warm glow and connection to the natural world ensure its continued appeal for generations to come.