Peridot, the radiant green gemstone designated as the official birthstone for August, holds a unique place in the world of gemology. Known for its vivid color and fascinating geological origins, peridot is not only a symbol of good fortune and strength but also a gem with a rich historical and cultural legacy. As one of the few gemstones formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and even delivered to the surface by meteorites, peridot captures the imagination with its cosmic and terrestrial origins. This article explores the multifaceted nature of peridot, covering its geological formation, historical significance, symbolic meaning, and practical care tips.
Introduction
Peridot, a gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine, is distinguished by its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. Its name is derived from the Arabic word faridat, meaning "gem," and it has been cherished across cultures for millennia. Though it has long been associated with August, its designation as the month's official birthstone was only standardized in 1912. In recent years, peridot has been joined by spinel and sardonyx as one of three August birthstones. Despite its growing popularity, peridot remains one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color—green—though the shade can vary depending on the iron content.
This article will explore the historical and cultural significance of peridot, its geological formation and global sources, its gemological properties, and its symbolic and metaphysical associations. We will also provide guidance on how to properly care for and clean peridot jewelry, ensuring its beauty and durability over time.
History and Lore
Peridot’s history is as vibrant as its color. While its designation as an August birthstone was formalized in the 20th century, its use as a gemstone dates back thousands of years. The earliest known source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad—formerly known as Topazios—located in the Red Sea. Mining there is said to have begun as early as the 3rd century BCE, with the gem being highly valued for its beauty and perceived protective properties.
In ancient Egypt, peridot was believed to ward off evil spirits and was often used in amulets and ceremonial objects. It was also ground into powder and used in rituals, with some believing that consuming it could cure ailments such as asthma and bring one closer to nature. Cleopatra, the famed Egyptian queen, may have possessed a collection of peridot, often mistaken for emerald. Historians speculate that much of her so-called "emerald" collection may have been peridot, given the similarities in color and the historical confusion between the two gems.
Peridot also played a role in medieval Europe, where it was mistakenly identified as topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, from which the name "topaz" is thought to derive, was actually a source of peridot, not topaz. This confusion persisted for centuries, with many "emeralds" in European cathedral treasures later being identified as peridot. One notable example is the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in the Cologne Cathedral, which contains 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds but are now known to be peridot.
In more recent times, peridot has been associated with peace, good fortune, and strength. It is often given as a gift for the 16th wedding anniversary and is believed to promote calm and restful energy in its wearer. These associations, while rooted in historical and cultural traditions, continue to influence its popularity today.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is formed under extreme geological conditions, typically in the Earth’s upper mantle, where temperatures and pressures are intense. It is one of only two gemstones—along with diamond—to originate from the mantle rather than the crust. Peridot is primarily composed of the mineral olivine, with a chemical formula of (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. The presence of iron in its structure gives peridot its distinctive green color, with higher iron content resulting in darker shades.
Peridot is often brought to the Earth's surface through volcanic activity, as lava flows carry the gem up from the mantle. In rare cases, peridot has also been found in meteorites, particularly pallasite meteorites, which contain both olivine and nickel-iron. While these extraterrestrial peridots are too small for use in jewelry, they are of great scientific interest and contribute to the gem's mystique.
Today, peridot is mined in various parts of the world, including China, Pakistan, Tanzania, Vietnam, and the United States. In the U.S., Hawaii's Papakolea Beach is notable for its peridot-rich sands, which shimmer with a luminous green hue. The oldest recorded source of peridot is the Egyptian island of Zabargad, which has been a significant source of the gem for centuries. Despite its long history, peridot is relatively abundant and affordable compared to other gemstones, making it accessible to a wide range of jewelry enthusiasts.
Gemological Properties
Peridot is a versatile and durable gemstone with distinct gemological properties. It ranks 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, making it suitable for everyday wear in jewelry, though it should be handled with care to avoid scratches and chips. Peridot is transparent to translucent and exhibits a refractive index ranging from 1.654 to 1.690. Its crystal system is orthorhombic, and its specific gravity ranges from 3.27 to 3.37.
One of peridot's most notable characteristics is its color. Unlike many other gemstones that can occur in multiple colors, peridot is unique in that it only appears in shades of green. The exact hue can vary from yellowish-green to olive to brownish-green, depending on the iron content. Peridot is also known for its brilliance and luster, particularly under natural or artificial light. This property has earned it the nickname "evening emerald," as it sparkles beautifully in both daylight and evening settings.
Peridot is commonly cut in a variety of styles, including brilliant cuts, which enhance its refractive properties and maximize its brilliance. Because of its relatively low hardness compared to gems like sapphire or ruby, peridot is best suited for rings that are not subjected to frequent impact or abrasion. However, with proper care, peridot jewelry can last for generations.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Peridot has long been associated with positive energies and protective qualities. In ancient times, it was believed to ward off evil spirits and was often used in amulets and talismans. This belief was particularly strong in Egypt, where peridot was placed in tombs to protect the deceased and ensure safe passage to the afterlife. The gem was also used in religious ceremonies and was believed to bring the wearer closer to nature and the divine.
In medieval Europe, peridot was thought to have the power to calm the mind and promote restful sleep. It was worn as a protective talisman and was believed to help overcome nightmares and other terrors of the night. These associations with peace and protection continue to influence peridot's symbolic meaning today.
Modern metaphysical beliefs attribute peridot with the ability to promote inner strength, resilience, and good fortune. It is believed to help the wearer overcome stress and anxiety, encouraging a sense of calm and clarity. Peridot is also associated with prosperity and success, making it a popular gemstone for those seeking to attract wealth and opportunities in their lives.
As the August birthstone, peridot is believed to bring good luck and positive energy to those born in this month. It is also traditionally given as a gift for the 16th wedding anniversary, symbolizing the enduring nature of a relationship and the strength required to maintain it over time. These symbolic meanings, while rooted in historical and cultural traditions, continue to influence the gem's popularity and significance in contemporary jewelry.
Care and Cleaning
Peridot, while relatively durable, requires proper care to maintain its beauty and longevity. Because it ranks 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, it is susceptible to scratches and chips if not handled carefully. It is best suited for jewelry that is not subjected to frequent impact or abrasion, such as earrings or pendants. Rings featuring peridot should be stored separately from harder gemstones to avoid scratching.
To clean peridot jewelry, it is recommended to use a soft brush, mild soap, and warm water. A soft cloth can be used to dry the gem after cleaning. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for peridot, though it is best to consult with a professional jeweler before using these methods, especially for older or delicate pieces.
Peridot should be stored in a soft-lined jewelry box or pouch to prevent damage from contact with other jewelry. It should also be kept away from harsh chemicals, extreme temperatures, and direct sunlight for prolonged periods, as these can cause the gem to fade or become brittle over time.
Conclusion
Peridot, the vibrant green gemstone designated as the birthstone for August, is a unique and captivating gem with a rich history and diverse symbolism. Formed deep within the Earth’s mantle and sometimes brought to the surface by volcanic activity or even delivered by meteorites, peridot is a gemstone of both terrestrial and cosmic origin. Its distinctive color, derived from its iron content, sets it apart from other gemstones, and its gemological properties make it a popular choice for jewelry.
Throughout history, peridot has been associated with protection, peace, and prosperity. From its early use in ancient Egypt to its role in medieval Europe and modern times, peridot has remained a symbol of strength, good fortune, and inner calm. Its designation as an August birthstone was formalized in the 20th century, but its cultural and historical significance dates back thousands of years.
For those who wear peridot, whether as a birthstone, anniversary gift, or simply for its beauty, it is a gemstone that carries with it a legacy of tradition and meaning. With proper care and appreciation, peridot jewelry can be cherished for generations, continuing to inspire and enchant those who wear it.