December is a month celebrated with a multitude of traditions and, uniquely, a multitude of birthstones. While turquoise and zircon have historically held prominence as December’s gems, the modern list has expanded to include topaz, tanzanite, and lapis lazuli, offering a diverse selection of choices for those born in the final month of the year. These gemstones, each with its own distinct history, geological origins, and symbolic meaning, reflect the chill of winter and the warmth of year-end festivities.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months dates back to ancient times, with early connections found in Biblical texts. Initially, ruby was designated as the birthstone for December, a practice that continued for some time. However, as birthstone lists evolved, particularly with the publication of Tiffany & Co.’s “Gregorian Birthstone Poems” pamphlet in 1870, turquoise began to gain recognition as a primary December birthstone. The National Association of Jewellers further solidified this in 1912, listing turquoise as the primary stone and lapis lazuli as an alternative.
Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the list continued to expand. Zircon was added in 1952, and the most recent addition, in 2002, was tanzanite. This evolution reflects changing tastes, discoveries of new gem sources, and a desire to offer a wider range of options to suit individual preferences. The month’s name itself, derived from the Latin “decem” meaning “ten,” hints at its position as the tenth month in the ancient Roman calendar, though this has since changed. December’s celebrations – Winter Solstice, Christmas, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and New Year’s Eve – symbolize change, camaraderie, and warm reunions, themes that resonate with the varied symbolism of its birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of December’s birthstones are as diverse as the stones themselves. Turquoise, with its captivating blue-green hues, is formed in relatively shallow deposits, often near copper mines. Lapis lazuli, known for its deep azure tones, is a metamorphic rock formed in contact zones where limestone and silicate rocks interact.
Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, is found in a variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Blue zircon, the preferred variety for December birthstones, gains its color through heat treatment or irradiation. Topaz, also found in igneous rocks, is often associated with volcanic activity. Blue topaz, a popular modern choice, is typically created through irradiation of colorless topaz.
Tanzanite, however, stands apart in its exclusivity. This unique blue to violet gemstone is found in only one area near Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, making it a particularly prized possession. Its discovery in 1967 earned it the nickname “the gemstone of the 20th century” due to its rarity – it is estimated to be 1000 times rarer than diamond.
Gemological Properties
Each December birthstone possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and desirability.
Turquoise: A hydrated phosphate of copper and aluminum, turquoise typically ranges from opaque to translucent. Its color varies from sky blue to greenish-blue, depending on the presence of iron and chromium.
Lapis Lazuli: Composed primarily of lazurite, along with calcite, pyrite, and other minerals, lapis lazuli is an opaque rock with a deep blue color. The presence of pyrite often creates golden flecks within the stone.
Zircon: A silicate of zirconium, zircon exhibits a high refractive index, contributing to its brilliant fire. It occurs in a rainbow of colors, with blue zircon being particularly favored for December. Its hardness ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale.
Topaz: A silicate of aluminum and fluorine, topaz is known for its hardness (8 on the Mohs scale) and its ability to exhibit perfect cleavage. Blue topaz, commonly created through irradiation, is a durable and popular choice for jewelry.
Tanzanite: A calcium aluminum silicate, tanzanite is pleochroic, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. Its color ranges from blue to violet, and it has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Here's a table summarizing key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated Phosphate of Copper | 5-6 | Sky Blue to Greenish-Blue | Opaque |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite, Calcite, Pyrite | 5-6 | Deep Blue with Golden Flecks | Opaque |
| Zircon | Silicate of Zirconium | 6.5-7.5 | Rainbow of Colors, Blue | Transparent |
| Topaz | Silicate of Aluminum & Fluorine | 8 | Blue | Transparent |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | 6.5-7 | Blue to Violet | Transparent |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, December’s birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been revered as a talisman for protection and a symbol of good fortune, instilling a sense of inner calm and fostering creativity. Lapis lazuli, with its deep azure tones, has been associated with wisdom and royalty, believed to enhance intellectual abilities and stimulate a quest for knowledge.
Zircon is celebrated for its brilliant fire and rainbow of colors, representing prosperity and wisdom. Topaz is believed to promote strength and intelligence, while tanzanite is associated with transformation and spiritual growth. Collectively, these stones are thought to reflect the wearer’s personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. They are often incorporated into engagement rings, wedding bands, and necklaces, believed to bestow blessings upon the wearer.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and vibrancy of December birthstones. Turquoise and lapis lazuli, being relatively soft, are susceptible to scratches and should be handled with care. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and prolonged exposure to sunlight. Cleaning can be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water.
Zircon, topaz, and tanzanite are more durable but still require careful handling. Avoid exposing them to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals. Cleaning can be done with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Due to tanzanite’s sensitivity to heat, professional cleaning is recommended. Regular cleaning and proper storage will ensure that these gemstones remain beautiful for years to come.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – zircon, topaz, tanzanite, lapis lazuli, and turquoise – offer a rich mix of history and symbolism, making each unique for those born in this month. These stones are more than just beautiful; they reflect the wearer's personality and bring a variety of cultural significances. When choosing between these gemstones, careful research and consultation with experts are recommended to ensure quality and authenticity. Their unique traits demand thoughtful handling and care to maintain their beauty over time. As fine jewelry, December’s birthstones are not only stylish but also connect wearers to historical and cultural narratives, enhancing both their aesthetic appeal and personal meaning.