August boasts a remarkable trio of birthstones: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. These gemstones, each with a unique history and character, represent the duality of the astrological signs associated with the month – Leo and Virgo. While historically, sardonyx and peridot were the primary August birthstones, spinel has gained recognition as a significant alternative, offering a wider spectrum of color and symbolism. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding these three captivating gemstones.
History and Lore
The use of these stones stretches back millennia. Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the oldest August birthstone, with evidence of its use dating back over 4,000 years. Ancient Romans favored sardonyx for creating seals and rings, believing it brought good fortune and protection to soldiers during wartime. Its presence is also noted in the Old Testament, where it is mentioned as one of the stones adorning the High Priest’s breastplate. Ancient Egyptians and Greeks similarly valued sardonyx, incorporating it into various forms of jewelry and accessories.
Peridot’s history is equally intriguing, often intertwined with tales of mistaken identity. Throughout history, this vibrant green gem was frequently confused with emeralds and topaz. The island of Topazios in the Red Sea, from which “topaz” derives its name, was actually a significant source of peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral features 200 carats of gems once believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Spinel, while a more recent addition to the list of August birthstones, has a rich history of its own. For centuries, red spinel was often mistaken for ruby, particularly in historical jewelry. It wasn’t until more recent advancements in gemological science that spinel was recognized as a distinct and valuable gemstone.
Geological Formation and Sources
The origins of these birthstones are as diverse as their histories. Peridot is a gem variety of the mineral olivine, formed under extreme conditions. It is found in hardened lava, brought to the surface from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and even in meteorites originating from outer space.
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is composed of layers of sard (a reddish-brown variety) and onyx (a banded variety, typically black or white). This unique layering creates the distinctive banded appearance of sardonyx.
Spinel crystallizes in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It is found in various colors, including red, pink, blue, green, and black. Different colors have been given industry-specific names, such as rubicelle for yellow-orange, almandine for purple, sapphirine for blue, and chlorospinel for green.
Gemological Properties
Each of these August birthstones possesses unique gemological properties that contribute to its beauty and value.
Peridot: This gem is known for its yellowish-green to greenish-yellow hue. It is the gem variety of olivine, with a chemical composition of (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄.
Sardonyx: Composed of two types of chalcedony, sardonyx displays a color scheme ranging from brown or brownish-red and dark orange sard, combined with white or black bands of onyx. Its composition is SiO₂ (silicon dioxide).
Spinel: Spinel’s chemical formula is MgAl₂O₄. It exhibits a wide range of colors, and its hardness makes it a durable gemstone.
The following table summarizes key properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs Scale) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | 6.5 - 7 |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ | Banded brown/red and white/black | 6.5 - 7 |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Various (Red, Pink, Blue, Green, Black) | 8 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, these gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. Sardonyx is believed to signify spirituality, open communication, prosperity, courage, and harmonious relationships. Ancient Roman soldiers wore it for protection and good luck.
Peridot, with its vibrant green color, is associated with joy, good luck, and warding off worries. It is traditionally given as a gift to celebrate the sixteenth wedding anniversary, symbolizing emotional connection and psychological well-being. The name “peridot” itself comes from the Arabic word “fadat,” meaning gem, and has Greek origins meaning “to give plenty.”
Spinel is believed to possess refreshing properties, renewing energy and fostering perseverance. It is said to inspire humility in victory and provide strength during challenging times. Red spinel, in particular, is often associated with the heart and passion.
Care and Cleaning
Maintaining the beauty of these August birthstones requires specific care based on their individual properties. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, is relatively soft and susceptible to scratches. It should be stored separately from harder gemstones and cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
Sardonyx, also with a hardness of 6.5-7, requires similar care. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the banded structure. Gentle cleaning with warm, soapy water is recommended.
Spinel, being the hardest of the three with a Mohs hardness of 8, is more durable. However, it is still advisable to avoid harsh impacts and abrasive cleaners. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are sufficient for cleaning.
Association with Zodiac Signs
August encompasses two zodiac signs: Leo (July 23 – August 22) and Virgo (August 23 – September 22). Onyx is traditionally linked to Leo, promoting mental clarity, stability, self-control, and creativity. Carnelian is the birthstone associated with Virgo, helping to combat self-criticism and inspire joy. However, peridot, spinel, and sardonyx are all considered appropriate birthstones for those born in August, offering a range of energies and symbolism to suit individual preferences.
Conclusion
Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx represent a captivating collection of August birthstones, each with a unique history, geological origin, and symbolic meaning. From the ancient seals of Roman soldiers to the mistaken identity of spinel as ruby, these gemstones have journeyed through centuries of human history and cultural significance. Whether chosen for their beauty, their metaphysical properties, or their connection to the zodiac, these August birthstones offer a personal and meaningful connection to the natural world and the rich tapestry of human belief.