Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive yellowish-green to olive-green hue, holds the esteemed position as the primary birthstone for August. Its association with this late-summer month extends beyond a simple calendar designation, encompassing a rich history, intriguing geological origins, and a symbolism that has resonated across cultures for millennia. While sardonyx shares the designation as a traditional August birthstone, peridot has become the modern and widely recognized gem for those born in this period. This article will delve into the fascinating world of peridot, exploring its historical significance, geological formation, gemological properties, and the lore surrounding this captivating gemstone.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with tales of ancient civilizations and misidentification with other, more highly prized gems. Throughout history, peridot has frequently been confused with emeralds, a testament to its vibrant green color. One notable example lies within the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral, where 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds were, upon closer examination, revealed to be peridot. This misidentification highlights the gem’s enduring appeal and its ability to mimic the appearance of more expensive stones.
Perhaps the most captivating historical anecdote surrounding peridot involves Cleopatra, the last active ruler of the Kingdom of Egypt. She was renowned for her love of emeralds, and some historians speculate that many of the “emeralds” in her famed collection were, in fact, peridot sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios – a location that ironically gave rise to the name “topaz” due to this very confusion.
Beyond its association with royalty, peridot held significance in ancient cultures for its perceived protective qualities. In Hawaii, peridot is believed to symbolize the tears of Pele, the goddess of fire and volcanoes, reflecting the gem’s volcanic origins on the islands. Ancient Egyptians also valued peridot, utilizing it in jewelry and religious artifacts.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot’s formation is a remarkable geological process, often linked to extreme conditions deep within the Earth. The gem is a variety of the mineral olivine, and it is typically formed in the Earth’s mantle, the layer between the crust and the core. It is brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found within hardened lava flows. Uniquely, peridot has also been discovered in meteorites, making it one of the few gemstones known to originate from beyond Earth.
While historically sourced from the Red Sea island of Topazios, modern peridot supplies primarily originate from Arizona, in the United States. Significant deposits are also found in China, Myanmar (Burma), and Pakistan. The color variations within peridot are directly related to its iron content; the more iron present, the deeper the green hue.
Gemological Properties
Peridot’s gemological properties contribute to its unique appeal and relative affordability compared to other green gemstones. It is known for being a relatively soft gemstone, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7. This means it is susceptible to scratching and requires careful handling.
Peridot is the yellowish green to greenish yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. Unlike many other gemstones, peridot consistently exhibits a green color, though shades can range from pale lime to deep olive. This consistent coloration is a defining characteristic of the gem.
While specific refractive index and chemical formula details are not provided in the available sources, it is understood that peridot’s composition is based on the formula (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, indicating a combination of magnesium and iron silicate. The gem typically occurs in crystalline form, and its clarity can vary, with some stones exhibiting inclusions.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. It is said to host magical powers and healing properties, believed to protect the wearer against nightmares and bestow power, influence, and a prosperous year.
In astrological contexts, peridot is linked to both Leo and Virgo. For Leos, the gem is thought to provide a grounding and balancing effect to their fiery and charismatic energy. For Virgos, peridot is believed to support clarity of thought, inner strength, and self-reflection – qualities highly valued by this meticulous and thoughtful sign.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relatively lower hardness, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and should be stored separately from harder gemstones. Cleaning peridot is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can damage the gem. Regular cleaning will help maintain its brilliance and luster.
Peridot and the Zodiac
The sources indicate a connection between birthstones and zodiac signs, though the system is not always consistent. Peridot is specifically linked to Libra (September 23–October 22) as a birthstone, alongside other gems. The practice of assigning gemstones to zodiac signs stems from the belief that these stones absorb the energies of the planets and bestow their influence upon the wearer. While the correlation between zodiac signs and birthstones can vary, peridot’s association with Libra suggests a connection to balance, harmony, and beauty.
Alternative August Birthstones
While peridot is the modern and most recognized August birthstone, it shares this designation with sardonyx. Sardonyx, a form of onyx characterized by its layers of reddish-brown and white banding, was popular with the ancient Greeks and Romans, who carried it into battle as talismans for courage and victory. The availability of two birthstones for August provides individuals with a choice based on personal preference and symbolic resonance.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating green birthstone of August, is a gem steeped in history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From its ancient origins and misidentification with emeralds to its volcanic formation and association with both Leo and Virgo, peridot continues to fascinate and inspire. Its unique color, relatively affordable price point, and perceived protective qualities make it a cherished gemstone for those born in August and a captivating addition to any jewelry collection. The gem’s enduring appeal lies not only in its beauty but also in the rich tapestry of lore and legend that surrounds it, connecting us to the past and offering a glimpse into the enduring power of gemstones.