Amethyst, a variety of quartz, holds a prominent place in the world of gemstones, particularly as the recognized birthstone for February. Symbolizing intellect, temperance, and love, this violet or light lavender stone has captivated cultures for centuries. However, the realm of violet gemstones extends beyond amethyst, encompassing a diverse range of minerals, each with unique properties and histories. This article will explore amethyst in detail, alongside other notable violet-hued gems, examining their geological origins, historical significance, gemological characteristics, and cultural associations, all based on available data.
History and Lore
Amethyst’s history is deeply intertwined with mythology and religious belief. The name itself originates from the Greek word “amethystos,” meaning “non-intoxicated,” stemming from the ancient belief that wearing amethyst could prevent drunkenness. This association led to its dedication to Bacchus, the Greek god of wine, and St. Valentine, reflecting its perceived power to guard against excessive passion and promote clear-headedness. Hildegard von Bingen, a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and medical writer, even suggested amethyst could treat skin ailments and cure tumors.
Throughout history, amethyst has been favored by royalty and religious leaders. Its rich color and perceived protective qualities made it a popular choice for ecclesiastical rings and adornments. The stone’s popularity continued into more recent times, with amethyst jewelry becoming a fashionable accessory.
Beyond amethyst, the allure of violet gemstones is evident in the stories surrounding Tanzanite. Discovered relatively recently in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, this blue and violet zoisite was named by Tiffany & Co. in honor of its country of origin. Its unique pleochroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle, quickly established it as a sought-after gem, particularly the blue-dominant varieties which are considered more valuable.
Geological Formation and Sources
Amethyst forms in geodes, cavities within volcanic rocks, where silica-rich fluids deposit quartz crystals. The violet color arises from irradiation, iron impurities, and the presence of trace elements within the quartz structure. Significant deposits of amethyst are found globally, though specific sources are not detailed in the provided materials beyond its common occurrence in geodes.
Tanzanite, in contrast, is exceptionally rare, found exclusively in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania. Its formation involves complex geological processes within metamorphic rocks. The color of Tanzanite is also attributed to trace elements, specifically vanadium, within its zoisite crystal structure.
Purple sapphires, a variety of the mineral corundum, are typically found in Sri Lanka and Madagascar. The purple hue results from impurities within the crystal lattice. Garnets displaying a purple color, known as rhodolite, are sourced from Mozambique and contain almandine, an element contributing to their distinctive shade. Kunzite, a variety of spodumene, is found in Afghanistan, Brazil, Madagascar, and the United States, with its purple coloration stemming from trace amounts of manganese.
Gemological Properties
Amethyst possesses a Mohs hardness of 7, making it relatively durable for jewelry use. Its chemical formula is SiO2 (silicon dioxide), the same as other quartz varieties. The color of amethyst can range from pale lilac to deep, rich violet.
Tanzanite, with a hardness typically between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs scale, is less durable than amethyst and requires more careful handling. It is a calcium aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH). Its pleochroism is a defining characteristic, exhibiting different colors when viewed from different angles.
Purple sapphires, belonging to the corundum family, boast a Mohs hardness of 9, second only to diamonds. Their chemical formula is Al2O3 (aluminum oxide). The color intensity can vary, with some sapphires displaying a natural color change phenomenon, appearing reddish or violetish purple in incandescent light and blue or green in daylight.
Purple garnets, specifically rhodolite, have a hardness of 7-7.5. Their chemical composition is complex, varying depending on the specific garnet species, but generally includes iron, magnesium, and aluminum silicates. Kunzite, with a hardness of 6.5-7, is also relatively fragile and exhibits two perfect cleavage directions, making it susceptible to breakage. Its chemical formula is (Ca,Na)2Al2Si2O7.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Mohs Hardness | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amethyst | SiO2 | 7 | Violet, Lavender |
| Tanzanite | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) | 6.5-7 | Blue, Violet |
| Purple Sapphire | Al2O3 | 9 | Purple |
| Purple Garnet | (Variable) | 7-7.5 | Purple, Grape-like |
| Kunzite | (Ca,Na)2Al2Si2O7 | 6.5-7 | Pink, Violetish Purple |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Amethyst has long been associated with peace, tranquility, and spiritual awareness. Its historical connection to preventing intoxication evolved into a broader symbolism of clarity and sobriety. It is believed to promote emotional balance and protect against negative energies.
Purple garnet, particularly the rare umbilicate variety, is used in healing therapy to promote good health, positivity, ambition, passion, and self-constructive behavior. Tanzanite is often linked to transformation and spiritual growth, while purple sapphire is considered a stone of royalty and wisdom. Kunzite is often referred to as a stone of romantic love and emotional healing.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 7, amethyst is relatively durable and can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. Tanzanite, being less hard, requires more gentle cleaning. It should be cleaned with mild soap and water and a soft cloth. Avoid steam cleaning and harsh chemicals. Sapphires, with their high hardness, are durable and can withstand most cleaning methods, but it’s still advisable to avoid harsh chemicals. Garnets and Kunzite, being somewhat fragile, should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soap and water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and drastic temperature changes.
Conclusion
The world of violet gemstones is rich and diverse, extending far beyond the well-known amethyst. From the historical significance of amethyst and Tanzanite to the durability of purple sapphire and the rarity of purple garnet, each stone possesses unique characteristics and a captivating allure. These gems continue to inspire and enchant, serving as beautiful symbols of love, wisdom, and spiritual growth.