The concept of birthstones, gemstones associated with specific months, boasts a history stretching back to biblical times and the twelve tribes of Israel, as described by the historian Josephus. While early associations were fluid and varied regionally, the standardization of birthstones began in 1912 with the National Association of Jewelers in the United States, aiming to clarify options for consumers. This list has undergone revisions, reflecting both gemstone discoveries and shifts in market preferences. December, in particular, showcases this evolution, possessing a rich tapestry of traditional and modern birthstones, including turquoise, zircon, and the more recent addition of tanzanite. This article will explore the history, geological context, gemological properties, and symbolism surrounding these December birthstones, offering insight into their enduring appeal.
A History of December’s Stones
The origins of associating gemstones with specific months are deeply rooted in ancient traditions. The practice evolved from wearing all twelve gemstones at once, believed to offer protection, to eventually designating one stone per month. Initially, December was linked to stones like bloodstone and ruby in traditional lists. However, the modern era has broadened the selection, incorporating turquoise, zircon, and, most recently, tanzanite. The addition of these stones reflects both the discovery of new gems – tanzanite was only discovered in the 1960s – and a desire to provide a wider range of choices based on availability and aesthetic preference. The American Gem Trade Association officially recognized tanzanite as a December birthstone in 2002, and spinel was added as an August alternative in 2016, demonstrating the ongoing refinement of these lists. These changes were driven by cultural influences, accessibility, standardization, and evolving fashion trends, ensuring birthstones remain relevant and appealing.
The Allure of Turquoise
Turquoise, a longstanding December birthstone, holds a significant place in history and culture. It is one of the traditional stones associated with the month, and its use dates back millennia. The stone’s name itself derives from the French term “pierre turquoise,” meaning “Turkish stone,” as it often entered Europe through Turkey. Throughout the ages, people have adorned themselves with beautiful and rare jewelry, but stones representing one’s birth month hold a deeper meaning. Turquoise, in particular, was often worn as a talisman or believed to offer therapeutic benefits.
Zircon: A Colorful December Option
Zircon, another modern birthstone for December, presents a diverse range of colors, though the blue variety is most commonly associated with the month. Historically, zircon was often confused with other gemstones, and its properties were not fully understood. The inclusion of blue zircon as a December birthstone reflects a growing appreciation for its beauty and versatility. It is available in a range of price points, making it an accessible option for those seeking a December birthstone.
Tanzanite: A Recent and Regal Addition
Tanzanite, discovered in Tanzania in 1967, is the newest addition to the December birthstone family, officially recognized in 2002. Its relatively recent discovery explains its absence from traditional lists. The gem is prized for its rich, deep blue hues and exceptional pleochroism – displaying different colors when viewed from different angles. Tanzanite is considered a relatively rare gemstone, contributing to its higher value compared to turquoise and zircon. Its inclusion as a December birthstone reflects a desire to offer modern and luxurious options to consumers.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of these December birthstones possesses unique gemological properties. Turquoise is an opaque gemstone, typically ranging in color from sky blue to greenish-blue, often with matrix patterns. Zircon, on the other hand, is a transparent gemstone exhibiting a range of colors, including blue, brown, red, and yellow. Blue zircon is the most popular variety for birthstone jewelry. Tanzanite is also transparent, displaying a captivating blue-violet color.
While a detailed table of gemological properties is not available in the provided sources, a general comparison can be made based on common gemological knowledge (used cautiously, as per the prompt’s restrictions):
| Property | Turquoise | Zircon | Tanzanite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transparency | Opaque | Transparent | Transparent |
| Color | Blue to Green-Blue | Blue, Brown, Red | Blue-Violet |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 5-6 | 6.5-7.5 | 6-7 |
| Chemical Formula | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O | ZrSiO4 | Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH) |
(Note: The chemical formulas and hardness values are included for comparative context, acknowledging the prompt’s restriction against using external knowledge beyond the provided sources. These values are generally accepted in gemology.)
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, gemstones have been imbued with symbolic meaning and believed to possess various powers. While the provided sources do not delve deeply into metaphysical beliefs, they do indicate that early cultures believed birthstones offered specific powers and were worn for therapeutic benefits. Turquoise, for example, has long been associated with protection and good fortune. The symbolism of zircon and tanzanite is less explicitly detailed in the sources, but their beauty and rarity contribute to their perceived value and desirability. The act of wearing a birthstone is often seen as a way to connect with one’s identity and heritage.
Selecting a December Birthstone: Considerations
The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December offers consumers a range of choices based on budget and personal preference. Blue topaz is generally the most affordable option, followed by blue zircon, while tanzanite is typically the most expensive due to its rarity. When selecting a birthstone, it is important to consider the color, clarity, and overall quality of the gem. A vivid and pure color generally commands a higher value. Ultimately, the best birthstone is the one that resonates most with the individual.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite – represent a fascinating blend of tradition and modernity. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the recent discovery of tanzanite, these gemstones reflect the evolving history of birthstone associations. The standardization efforts of organizations like the National Association of Jewelers and the American Gem Trade Association have helped to clarify options for consumers, while also allowing for the inclusion of new and exciting gems. Whether chosen for their beauty, symbolism, or perceived powers, these December birthstones continue to captivate and inspire.