Tanzanite is a relatively recent addition to the world of recognized gemstones, yet it has quickly become prized for its striking and unique violet-blue coloration. Officially recognized as a December birthstone in 2002 by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA), it offers an alternative to the more traditional blue zircon and blue topaz associated with this month. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this captivating gemstone, drawing exclusively from available sources.
History and Lore
The story of tanzanite begins in 1967 in the Mererani Hills of northern Tanzania. Jumanne Mhero Ngoma, a Masai tribesman, is credited with the initial discovery of the sparkling blue stones. He was formally recognized by the Tanzanian government in 1970 with a certificate and a financial reward for his find. While the mineral zoisite itself had been known since the early 1800s, typically appearing in brown hues, this vibrant blue variety was entirely new.
Initially mistaken for sapphire, the gemstone was soon identified as a unique blue zoisite. It was Tiffany & Co. who ultimately named the gem “tanzanite,” in honor of its country of origin. The Maasai people of Tanzania have long held a connection to blue and violet hues, traditionally bestowing blue and violet beads upon women after childbirth to symbolize new beginnings and ensure a healthy and prosperous life for their children. This tradition lends a cultural resonance to the gifting of tanzanite as a birthstone, representing new life and love.
The commercial history of tanzanite is closely tied to its unique origin. For many years, Tanzania was the only source of this gemstone worldwide, and recent laws have been enacted to encourage local cutting and processing, aiming to benefit the Tanzanian people directly from the “mine-to-market” flow of tanzanite.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite’s geological rarity is remarkable. Extensive research suggests the probability of finding tanzanite in another location globally is “less than one in a million.” This extraordinary exclusivity stems from the specific geological conditions required for its formation. The gemstone originates from a relatively small area near the Mererani Hills in the Manyara Region of Tanzania.
The vibrant blue color of tanzanite is attributed to trace amounts of vanadium present during its formation, combined with intense heat. The gemstone is a variety of the mineral zoisite, and its pleochroism – the ability to display different colors when viewed from different angles – is a notable characteristic. This pleochroism necessitates careful cutting to maximize the attractive blue and violet hues.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is a relatively soft gemstone, registering between 6.5 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale. This means it is more susceptible to scratching and damage compared to harder gemstones like diamonds or sapphires, requiring careful handling and protection when worn in jewelry.
The gemstone’s chemical composition is calcium aluminum silicate with the formula Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH). It is known for its vivid blue-violet color, which can range from deep blue to pale lavender blue. This color is often enhanced through heat treatment, a common practice in the industry to bring out the most desirable shades.
Tanzanite exhibits strong pleochroism, displaying different colors depending on the viewing angle. Skilled cutters carefully orient the stone during faceting to showcase the most appealing blue and violet tones. The gemstone is typically purchased with a laboratory certificate, such as those provided by The Tanzanite Laboratory, to verify its authenticity and quality.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Zoisite |
| Chemical Formula | Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)₃(OH) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Color | Blue-Violet |
| Pleochroism | Present |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Tanzanite is associated with positive energy and transformation. It is believed to help convert negative energies into positive ones and to increase the wearer’s strength. While specific historical metaphysical beliefs are not extensively documented in the available sources, its connection to the Maasai tradition of gifting blue beads to new mothers imbues the stone with symbolism related to new beginnings, love, and prosperity.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its relative softness, tanzanite requires careful handling and cleaning. It is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals or ultrasonic cleaners. The recommended cleaning method involves using warm, soapy water and a soft cloth. Avoid abrasive cleaners or brushes, as these can damage the gemstone’s surface. It is also advisable to remove tanzanite jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities to prevent accidental damage.
Birthstone Designation and Modern Usage
While historically, each month had a single designated birthstone, the list has evolved over time. The American National Association of Jewelers initially adopted a list in 1912, which was later updated by the Jewelry Industry Council of America in 1952. Tanzanite was officially added as a December birthstone by the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) in 2002, providing an additional option alongside blue zircon and blue topaz.
Today, three lists of birthstones exist – ancient, traditional, and modern – reflecting the evolving cultural and historical associations with gemstones. Tanzanite firmly occupies a place on the modern December birthstone list. It is also a popular choice for commemorating the 24th wedding anniversary. Its captivating color and unique origin make it a desirable gemstone for engagement rings and other special occasion jewelry.
Conclusion
Tanzanite, a gemstone discovered in the late 1960s, has rapidly gained recognition for its captivating violet-blue hues and unique geological origins. As a December birthstone, it offers a modern and vibrant alternative to traditional choices. Its association with positive energy, new beginnings, and the cultural traditions of Tanzania adds to its allure. While requiring careful handling due to its relative softness, tanzanite remains a highly sought-after gemstone, prized by enthusiasts, jewelry buyers, and those seeking a meaningful and beautiful connection to the world of gemstones.