Tanzanite is a captivating gemstone recognized as a birthstone for December, alongside turquoise and zircon. A relatively recent addition to the world of colored stones, its discovery in 1967 and subsequent promotion by Tiffany & Co. propelled it to international acclaim, earning it the title “Gem of the 20th Century.” This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and significance of this remarkable blue-violet gem.
History and Lore
Prior to 1967, tanzanite was unknown to the wider world. Its story began in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, where Maasai tribesmen first encountered the strikingly colored stones. These samples were brought to the attention of Manuel d’Souza, a prospector who, in turn, shared them with gemologists. Initially mistaken for sapphires, the gems were ultimately identified as a vibrant blue variety of the mineral zoisite.
Recognizing its potential, Tiffany & Co. took a pivotal role in introducing tanzanite to the global market. However, the original name, “blue zoisite,” presented a branding challenge due to its unfortunate phonetic similarity to “blue suicide.” To overcome this, Tiffany & Co. strategically renamed the gem “tanzanite,” honoring its country of origin and creating a more appealing identity. A major advertising campaign launched in 1968 cemented tanzanite’s place in the jewelry world.
In 2002, the American Gem Trade Association (AGTA) officially designated tanzanite as a birthstone for December, marking the first amendment to the official birthstone list since 1912. This recognition further solidified tanzanite’s status as a significant and desirable gemstone. Today, it is also associated with the 24th wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Tanzanite is exceptionally rare, found commercially only in the Merelani Hills of northern Tanzania. The unique geological conditions required for its formation are so specific that scientists believe no other source exists anywhere else on Earth. The mining area spans approximately 2 kilometers wide by 4 kilometers long, and estimates suggest the remaining lifespan of the mine is less than 30 years, contributing to its exclusivity.
The landscape surrounding the mines is characterized by grass-covered hillsides, scrub brush, and rocky soil, with the snow-covered slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro looming in the distance. Mining operations range from small-scale excavations to large, mechanized efforts, employing thousands of workers who extract the gem from depths exceeding 100 meters below the surface.
The gem itself is a blue variety of the mineral zoisite. Its formation requires a unique combination of calcium, vanadium, and titanium, subjected to specific heat and pressure conditions within the Earth’s crust.
Gemological Properties
Tanzanite is renowned for its vivid color, ranging from a pure, rich blue to violet. The blue hues are generally considered the most valuable. The gem is often described as “velvety” due to its deep and saturated color. A notable characteristic of tanzanite is its pleochroism, an optical phenomenon where the gemstone displays multiple colors when viewed from different angles. A tanzanite crystal or polished gem can exhibit intense blue, violet, or even red depending on the viewing direction.
While specific data regarding hardness and chemical composition are not provided in the sources, tanzanite is understood to be a relatively durable gemstone suitable for various jewelry applications. Its clarity is often high, contributing to its brilliance. Large cut stones are also achievable, further enhancing its appeal.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Zoisite (blue variety) |
| Color | Blue to violet, blue being most valuable |
| Pleochroism | Exhibits multiple colors with angle change |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Origin | Merelani Hills, Tanzania |
| Rarity | Extremely rare, single known source |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, birthstones have been associated with specific powers and meanings. Tanzanite, as the birthstone of December, is believed to offer its wearer a plethora of properties, including protection, fortune, serenity, and happiness. It is considered a potent and beneficial stone, capable of helping individuals achieve their full potential and overcome life’s challenges.
The tradition of associating gemstones with birth months is deeply rooted in ancestral beliefs, with each gem chosen for the perceived powers of its rare qualities. Gifting a tanzanite stone is seen as offering not just a beautiful piece of jewelry, but also a gesture of good wishes, prosperity, and protection. Some believe it can aid in awakening, fulfillment, and success.
Care and Cleaning
While the provided sources do not offer specific care instructions, the gem’s durability suggests it requires standard gemstone care. Given its relative rarity and value, professional cleaning and inspection are recommended. Avoiding harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners is generally advisable for colored gemstones.
Conclusion
Tanzanite stands as a remarkable gem, distinguished by its captivating color, unique geological origin, and relatively recent rise to prominence. From its discovery in the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro to its designation as a December birthstone, tanzanite’s journey is a testament to the allure and enduring appeal of rare and beautiful gemstones. Its limited source and the impending depletion of the mine further enhance its value and desirability, solidifying its reputation as “the gemstone of a generation.” The gem continues to be a symbol of beauty, prosperity, and good fortune for those born in December and beyond.