For centuries, spinel has been a gemstone of remarkable beauty, often mistaken for its more famous counterparts, ruby and sapphire. Today, this August birthstone enjoys a well-deserved recognition for its own unique qualities and captivating array of colors. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of spinel, drawing upon the latest understanding of this fascinating gem.
History and Lore
The story of spinel is inextricably linked to historical misidentification. The name “spinel” originates from the Latin word spina, referring to the thorn-like shape of its crystals. However, for a considerable period, red spinel was frequently confused with ruby, and blue and violet varieties were often taken for sapphire. This was particularly true for significant historical gems. Perhaps the most famous example is the “Black Prince’s Ruby,” a 170-carat stone that has been a centerpiece of the British Imperial State Crown since 1367. It wasn’t until the 18th century that scientific advancements allowed for the definitive chemical distinction between spinel and ruby, revealing the crown’s prized gem to be, in fact, a spinel.
This historical confusion highlights spinel’s visual similarity to these highly valued gemstones. Spinel’s brilliance and reflective qualities are noted to be even greater than ruby’s, due to differences in their optical characteristics. Red spinel, in particular, served as a substitute for ruby, offering a comparable aesthetic at a potentially lower cost. Beyond its mistaken identity, red spinel, along with other red gems, was historically believed to possess healing properties, acting as a remedy for blood loss and inflammatory diseases, and promoting harmony and easing anger. Spinel is also traditionally associated with the celebration of the 22nd wedding anniversary.
Geological Formation and Sources
Spinel forms naturally within the Earth’s crust, most commonly found in metamorphic rocks, particularly within marble deposits. Its formation is often associated with the geological processes that create other gemstones. Today, spinel is sourced from a variety of locations around the globe. Major sources include Tajikistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Tanzania, and Pakistan. Certain regions are renowned for producing spinel with particularly striking colors. For instance, Myanmar is known for its hot pink and vivid red spinel, while Tanzania has recently become a significant source of spinel in pinkish, orangy-red, purple, and blue hues, discovered in 2007. Other sources include Afghanistan, Brazil, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Kenya, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Gemological Properties
Spinel is a durable gemstone, registering an 8 on the Mohs scale of hardness. This makes it suitable for use in a wide range of jewelry, including rings intended for everyday wear. While generally robust, spinel can be susceptible to damage if it contains fractures.
The gem exhibits a remarkable range of colors, including intense red, vibrant pink, orange, purple, violet, blue, and bluish-green. The most valued colors are bright red, cobalt blue, and vivid pink and orange. Pale lavender spinels are generally more affordable. The color variations are attributed to the presence of trace elements within the spinel’s structure, such as iron, chromium, and cobalt.
Spinel is typically cut and faceted into various shapes and sizes, with cushion and oval cuts being particularly common. It is stable when exposed to light and chemicals, though prolonged exposure to high heat can cause some colors to fade. Cleaning spinel is straightforward; warm, soapy water and a soft brush are sufficient to maintain its brilliance. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used with caution, considering the potential for fractures.
Here's a table summarizing key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Hardness (Mohs) | 8 |
| Chemical Formula | Magnesium Aluminum Oxide (MgAl₂O₄) |
| Color | Red, Pink, Orange, Purple, Blue, Green |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Cubic |
| Refractive Index | 1.712 – 1.762 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.58 – 4.00 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, spinel has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Modern practitioners of spiritual healing believe spinel can ward off pessimism and promote feelings of inspiration. Historically, as previously mentioned, red spinel was associated with vitality and healing. While these beliefs are not scientifically substantiated, they contribute to the gem’s enduring allure and appeal to those seeking a deeper connection with their gemstones.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, spinel is a relatively durable gemstone suitable for all types of jewelry. However, it is still important to take proper care to maintain its brilliance. Regular cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft brush is recommended. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners can be used, but caution should be exercised if the spinel contains fractures. Avoid exposing spinel to high heat, as this can cause some colors to fade. Store spinel jewelry separately from other gemstones to prevent scratching.
Conclusion
Spinel is a gemstone with a rich and often overlooked history. Once frequently mistaken for ruby and sapphire, it has emerged from the shadows to claim its rightful place as a beautiful and valuable gem in its own right. Its captivating array of colors, durability, and fascinating geological origins make it a prized possession for collectors and jewelry enthusiasts alike. As the August birthstone, and a traditional gift for 22nd wedding anniversaries, spinel continues to inspire and delight with its timeless beauty and enduring appeal.