Peridot, a gemstone celebrated for its distinctive olive-green hue, holds a significant place in both the history of jewelry and the lore surrounding birthstones. Officially recognized as the birthstone for August by the American National Association of Jewelers in 1912, it is also associated with the Zodiac sign of Libra. This gem, a variety of olivine, boasts a history stretching back millennia, with ancient civilizations valuing it for its beauty and perceived powers. While primarily known for its singular green coloration, variations in iron content contribute to a spectrum ranging from yellow to brownish-green.
History and Lore
The story of peridot is interwoven with historical misidentification and enduring symbolism. The name itself is believed to originate from the Arabic word faridat, meaning “gem,” or potentially from the classical Latin pæderot, a term used for a type of opal. Ancient Romans referred to peridot as “evening emerald” due to its unique property of maintaining its vibrant color even in low light conditions, unlike many other green gemstones that appear to darken at night. This characteristic made it particularly prized for use in jewelry worn during evening events and illuminated by candlelight or firelight.
Historical accounts suggest a strong connection between peridot and ancient Egypt. Some historians propose that the magnificent “emeralds” adorning Cleopatra’s jewelry were, in fact, peridot gems. This association lends an air of regal mystique to the stone, linking it to one of history’s most iconic figures. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, peridot was believed to possess healing properties, promoting peace, compassion, and harmony in relationships. It was thought to alleviate negative emotions such as guilt, resentment, and apathy, fostering growth and renewal.
Despite its prominence in ancient times, peridot largely disappeared from the gem market for a period, only to be rediscovered in significant quantities around 30 years ago in Pakistan. This resurgence has renewed interest in the gemstone and its captivating history. The gem was also formerly known as chrysolite, a term that was applied to many similarly colored stones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Peridot is a magnesium iron silicate, chemically defined as a gem variety of olivine. The intensity of its color is directly related to the amount of iron present in its crystal structure, with trace elements of nickel and chromium also contributing to the final hue. The most valued color is a dark olive-green, achieved when the iron percentage is less than 15%.
Peridot formation occurs in unique geological environments, typically within volcanic basalt rocks. It is a relatively rare gemstone, as it requires specific conditions to form and survive the journey to the Earth’s surface. Mining locations are diverse, spanning several continents. In the United States, peridot is found in Arkansas, Arizona (on the San Carlos Reservation), Hawaii, Nevada, and New Mexico at Kilbourne Hole. Internationally, sources include Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Kenya, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. The ancient source on the Greek island of Topazios, now known as Zabargad, is also historically significant, lending its name to the gem despite the initial confusion with topaz.
Gemological Properties
Peridot exhibits distinct gemological properties that define its characteristics and influence its use in jewelry. On the Mohs scale of hardness, peridot ranges between 6.5 and 7, making it moderately durable but susceptible to scratching and abrasion with prolonged wear. It possesses a brittle tenacity, meaning it can fracture relatively easily if subjected to strong impact.
While not particularly sensitive to acid, careful handling is recommended to avoid damage. Peridot’s vivid green color remains consistent under both natural and artificial light, a characteristic that distinguishes it from other green gemstones.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 6.5 - 7 |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Color | Olive-green |
| Luster | Vitreous |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, peridot has been imbued with symbolic meaning and metaphysical properties. In ancient times, Greeks believed peridot could render its wearer invisible, while Romans associated it with Jupiter, the god of light and truth. Medieval cultures attributed the power to dispel enchantments to the stone.
Modern metaphysical beliefs continue to associate peridot with healing and positive energy. It is often considered a gemstone of peace, compassion, and harmony, believed to promote growth, renewal, and the alleviation of negative emotions. For those born under the sign of Leo, peridot is thought to attract success and good fortune, repelling feelings of envy and reminding individuals that there is room for everyone to shine.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its moderate hardness and brittle tenacity, peridot requires careful handling and cleaning. Avoid exposing the gemstone to harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, as these can cause damage. Cleaning can be performed using warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Gently scrub the gemstone to remove dirt and grime, then rinse thoroughly and dry with a soft cloth. It is advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to potential impacts. Regular cleaning and careful storage will help maintain the beauty and longevity of peridot gemstones.
Conclusion
Peridot, the captivating August birthstone, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones throughout history. From its ancient origins in Egypt and Rome to its modern-day appreciation for its vibrant green hue and metaphysical properties, peridot continues to captivate and inspire. Its unique geological formation, coupled with its distinct gemological characteristics, makes it a truly remarkable gem. As a symbol of peace, compassion, and renewal, peridot remains a cherished gemstone for those seeking beauty, meaning, and a connection to the rich tapestry of Earth’s natural wonders.