Peridot: Gem of the Sun and Evening Emerald

For centuries, the vibrant green gemstone known as peridot has captivated humanity with its unique origins and alluring beauty. As one of the three recognized birthstones for August, alongside sardonyx and spinel, peridot holds a special place in both historical lore and contemporary jewelry. Formed in the fiery depths of the Earth and even delivered to our planet via meteorites, this gem boasts a fascinating geological history and a symbolism rich with prosperity and strength. This article will delve into the origins, properties, history, and significance of peridot, exploring its journey from ancient treasures to modern-day adornments.

History and Lore

Peridot’s history is steeped in myth and often intertwined with that of other green gemstones, particularly emeralds. Throughout much of recorded history, peridot was frequently mistaken for its more well-known counterpart. As early as ancient Egypt, peridot, then referred to as the “gem of the sun,” was highly prized. Some historians speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection was, in fact, largely composed of peridot. Ancient Romans also held the stone in high regard, calling it the “evening emerald” due to its ability to maintain its vibrant color even in low light conditions.

The gem’s historical significance extends beyond Egypt and Rome. For centuries, peridot was mined on the island of Zabargad in the Red Sea, an island described as desolate and harsh, yet yielding these precious green crystals. The name “Zabargad” itself is derived from the Arabic word for olivine, the mineral family to which peridot belongs. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with approximately 200 carats of gems long believed to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot. This demonstrates the gem’s enduring presence in religious and historical artifacts. More recently, in 2005, peridot was even discovered within comet dust retrieved by the Stardust robotic space probe, further cementing its extraterrestrial connection. It is also found in pallasite meteorites, some of which are billions of years old.

Geological Formation and Sources

Peridot is a gem-quality transparent variety of olivine, a mineral composed of magnesium-iron silicates. Its distinctive green color arises from the presence of iron within the crystal structure, with the intensity of the green hue dependent on the iron content. The gem’s formation is particularly unique, occurring under extreme conditions both deep within the Earth’s mantle and, remarkably, in space.

Volcanic activity plays a crucial role in bringing peridot to the Earth’s surface. Formed deep within the Earth, it is transported upwards through lava flows. However, its origins aren’t solely terrestrial. Peridot has been found in meteorites, offering a direct link to the origins of our solar system.

While historically sourced from Zabargad Island in the Red Sea, peridot is now found in various locations worldwide. Significant sources include Norway, Brazil, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Australia, Mexico, and the Mogok district of Myanmar (Burma). The San Carlos Indian Reservation in Arizona is also known for producing smaller peridot crystals. The presence of peridot in diverse geographical locations underscores its complex geological history and widespread formation.

Gemological Properties

Peridot exhibits several distinct gemological properties that contribute to its unique character. It is an olivine mineral comprised of magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen. The color ranges from yellowish-green to brownish-green, with the most desirable stones displaying a vivid lime-green or olive-green hue. The exact shade is determined by the amount of iron present within the crystal.

Peridot is not as light-dependent as some other colored gemstones, maintaining its color consistently in various lighting conditions. This is a notable characteristic that contributes to its appeal. It also exhibits extremely high double refraction, meaning that when viewed closely through the gemstone, two of each pavilion facet can be observed.

While a comprehensive table of gemological properties isn’t available in the provided sources, the following can be summarized:

Property	Description
Mineral	Olivine
Chemical Formula	(Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄
Color	Yellowish-green to brownish-green
Luster	Vitreous (glass-like)
Transparency	Transparent to translucent
Refraction	High double refraction

Further detailed analysis, including refractive index and specific gravity, would require data beyond the scope of the provided sources.

Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs

Throughout history, peridot has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Ancient Egyptians believed it possessed healing powers and protected against nightmares. It was considered a “gem of the sun,” symbolizing light, warmth, and vitality.

In more modern interpretations, peridot is thought to increase prosperity, growth, and openness, as well as strengthen life. It is also associated with protection and is considered the traditional gift for a 15th wedding anniversary. The gem’s vibrant green color is often linked to renewal, growth, and harmony.

Care and Cleaning

Peridot, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, is relatively durable but requires careful handling to maintain its brilliance. While not as hard as diamonds or sapphires, it is reasonably resistant to scratching with everyday wear. However, it can be susceptible to damage from sharp blows or abrasive materials.

Cleaning peridot jewelry is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, and steam cleaners, as these can potentially damage the stone. It is also advisable to remove peridot jewelry before engaging in strenuous activities or when exposed to harsh chemicals. Regular cleaning will help preserve the gem’s vibrant color and luster.

Conclusion

Peridot stands as a testament to the Earth’s dynamic geological processes and the enduring allure of gemstones. From its origins in volcanic depths and meteorites to its historical significance in ancient civilizations, peridot’s journey is as captivating as its vibrant green hue. As one of the three birthstones for August, it continues to be cherished for its beauty, symbolism, and unique connection to both our planet and the cosmos. Its association with prosperity, protection, and renewal ensures its continued appeal for generations to come.