For centuries, the captivating blue of sapphire has been synonymous with September, representing a symbol of nobility, truth, and faithfulness. As a member of the corundum family – second in hardness only to diamond – sapphire boasts remarkable durability and a rich history interwoven with royalty, spirituality, and even purported healing powers. While the classic blue variety remains the most celebrated, sapphires actually occur in a spectrum of colors, excluding red, which is classified as ruby. Beyond sapphire, September also recognizes carnelian and lapis lazuli as alternative birthstones, each possessing unique characteristics and historical significance. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of sapphire, alongside an exploration of its September counterparts, carnelian and lapis lazuli.
History and Lore
The association of sapphire with September dates back millennia. Ancient civilizations held the gemstone in high regard, attributing various protective and medicinal qualities to it. In ancient Greece, individuals believed sapphires offered safety from harm and envy. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, which imbued the sky with its characteristic blue hue. These early perceptions extended to the idea that sapphires could treat plagues and act as an antidote to poisons.
Medieval Europeans continued to ascribe healing properties to the September birthstone, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments. Clerics of the Middle Ages favored sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven, while royalty throughout history embraced sapphire as a symbol of high society and power. A notable example is Princess Diana’s iconic engagement ring, now worn by Princess Kate Middleton, which features a prominent 12-carat Ceylon sapphire.
Carnelian, one of the alternative birthstones, also boasts a long history. Known as “sard” in antiquity, it was frequently used for creating cameos. Associated with fertility, confidence, and abundance, carnelian was believed to bring good fortune when placed near an entrance. Its name originates from the Latin word “carneus,” meaning flesh-like, referencing its typical red-orange hue.
Lapis lazuli, the second alternative, held a particularly strong spiritual significance in ancient cultures. Often flecked with white calcite or golden pyrite, the most valuable lapis specimens contain pyrite inclusions, resembling a starry night sky. Ancient cultures associated this stone with gods and believed it to be a powerful talisman.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires, along with rubies, are formed from the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). The presence of trace elements – chromium, titanium, vanadium, iron, and/or magnesium – dictates the resulting color. Blue sapphires are the most common variety, but the gemstone can also be found in orange, purple, black, pink, yellow, and even colorless forms.
Sapphires are mined in various locations worldwide. Major sources include Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Australia. Notably, sapphires are also found in Montana, USA.
Carnelian, a variety of chalcedony (a form of quartz), forms in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Its color arises from iron oxide impurities.
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock, typically formed in contact zones where limestone and igneous rocks interact. Its characteristic blue color comes from the presence of lazurite, a sodium calcium aluminosilicate sulfate mineral.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s exceptional hardness, registering a 9.0 on the Mohs scale, makes it highly durable and resistant to scratching, heat, light, and chemical damage. This durability allows for regular wear without significant risk of damage.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of the September birthstones:
| Gemstone | Mineral | Hardness (Mohs) | Chemical Formula | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapphire | Corundum | 9.0 | Al₂O₃ | Blue, pink, yellow, green, violet, black |
| Carnelian | Chalcedony | 7.0 | SiO₂ | Red-orange, pink, brown |
| Lapis Lazuli | Lazurite | 5-6 | NaCaAlSi₆O₂₄S | Deep blue with white/gold flecks |
Sapphire’s color is evaluated based on hue, tone, and saturation. Velvety blue or violet sapphires command the highest price per carat due to their rarity and desirability. Sapphires exhibiting colors other than blue are referred to as “fancy colored” sapphires.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with symbolic meaning. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Its association with royalty and the clergy further solidified its image as a stone of wisdom and virtue.
Carnelian is often linked to courage, vitality, and creativity. It is believed to promote confidence and attract good fortune.
Lapis lazuli, with its celestial appearance, has long been associated with spirituality, wisdom, and truth. Ancient cultures believed it connected individuals to the divine and enhanced psychic abilities.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is relatively easy to care for. Routine cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are also safe for cleaning sapphires.
Carnelian, being softer, requires more gentle handling. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners. Cleaning with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth is recommended.
Lapis lazuli is susceptible to scratching and should be handled with care. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh chemicals. A soft cloth dampened with warm water is the best method for cleaning lapis lazuli.
Conclusion
Sapphire remains the quintessential September birthstone, celebrated for its enduring beauty, exceptional durability, and rich historical significance. From its ancient associations with protection and wisdom to its modern-day status as a symbol of royalty and romance, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. While sapphire takes center stage, carnelian and lapis lazuli offer compelling alternatives, each with its own unique charm and historical legacy. These three gemstones, representing September, offer a diverse range of colors, properties, and symbolic meanings, ensuring a perfect choice for anyone born under this autumnal month.