September boasts not one, but two recognized birthstones: the esteemed sapphire and the captivating lapis lazuli. While sapphire holds the position as the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli serves as a compelling and historically significant alternative. Both gemstones carry rich histories, unique geological origins, and symbolic meanings that have resonated across cultures for millennia. This article will delve into the characteristics, lore, and significance of these two September birthstones, drawing upon available knowledge of their properties and historical context.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months and their attributed powers dates back centuries. While the modern standardization of birthstones is relatively recent, the practice of linking gems to astrological signs and months has roots in ancient civilizations. Sapphire, derived from the Greek word “sappheiros” and the Latin “sapphirus,” both meaning “bluestone,” has long been revered for its beauty and perceived divine qualities. It has been recognized and valued for thousands of years, even becoming the gem used to commemorate the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries.
Lapis lazuli also enjoys a long and prestigious history. It was admired and highly valued by ancient cultures, symbolizing kings, honor, queens, power, spirit, and vision. Its deep blue hue was considered sacred, and the stone itself was used not only as a gemstone but also as a sculpting substance, pigment, and ornate material. The stone’s association with spirituality and the gods is deeply ingrained in ancient beliefs, with its colors often likened to the cosmos.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire belongs to the corundum mineral species, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Trace elements within the corundum structure give rise to the various colors of sapphire, with chromium, titanium, vanadium, iron, and magnesium contributing to hues beyond the classic blue. Red corundum is classified as ruby, a distinct gemstone. Sapphires are renowned for their durability, registering a 9.0 on the Mohs hardness scale, second only to diamonds.
Lapis lazuli, unlike sapphire, is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with pyrite and calcite. The presence of at least 25% lazurite is required for a rock to be classified as lapis lazuli, with the lazurite component responsible for the stone’s characteristic deep blue color. The pyrite inclusions manifest as golden flecks, while calcite appears as white intrusions. Lapis lazuli with pyrite is considered particularly valuable.
While specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources, the texts indicate that sapphires are widely accessible, suggesting relatively abundant sources. Lapis lazuli’s origins are not specified, but its historical use suggests it was sourced from regions accessible to ancient civilizations.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s defining characteristic is its hardness, making it exceptionally resistant to scratching and wear. This durability makes it a popular choice for everyday jewelry, including engagement rings. Sapphires exhibit a wide range of colors, including blue, orange, purple, black, pink, yellow, and even colorless varieties. The most prized sapphires are those with a vivid, saturated blue hue.
Lapis lazuli, with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6, is considerably softer than sapphire. This means it is more susceptible to scratching and requires more careful handling. Its color is consistently blue, though variations in intensity and the presence of pyrite and calcite contribute to its unique appearance. The quality of lapis lazuli is often judged by the intensity of the blue color and the amount of pyrite present, with stones containing abundant pyrite considered more valuable.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum | Metamorphic Rock |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9.0 | 5-6 |
| Composition | Aluminum Oxide | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite |
| Color | Various (primarily blue) | Deep Blue |
| Luster | Vitreous | Vitreous to Dull |
| Transparency | Transparent to Translucent | Opaque |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both sapphire and lapis lazuli have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Sapphire represents truth, wisdom, nobility, sincerity, and faithfulness. Its association with royalty and high society further enhances its symbolic weight.
Lapis lazuli is deeply connected to spirituality and the divine. Ancient cultures believed it possessed powerful energies and associated it with gods and the cosmos. It is considered a stone of wisdom and truth, echoing the symbolism of its blue hue. Some modern beliefs suggest that carnelian, another alternative September birthstone, is associated with fertility, confidence, and abundance, and can welcome good fortune when placed near an entrance.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled.
Lapis lazuli, being softer, requires more gentle care. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners should be avoided, as they can damage the surface of the stone. Ultrasonic cleaners are not recommended for lapis lazuli.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the birthstones of September, represent a fascinating duality. Sapphire, with its exceptional hardness and vibrant colors, embodies durability and nobility. Lapis lazuli, with its rich history and celestial appearance, symbolizes wisdom and spirituality. Both gemstones offer a unique connection to the past and a timeless beauty that continues to captivate and inspire. Whether chosen for their aesthetic appeal, symbolic meaning, or historical significance, these September birthstones are treasured gems that hold a special place in the world of jewelry and gemology.