For millennia, the month of September has been associated with gemstones of profound beauty and symbolic weight. While sapphire is widely recognized as the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli holds a significant place as a traditional alternative, steeped in history and lore. Both stones have captivated civilizations, adorning royalty, inspiring artistry, and embodying beliefs about protection, wisdom, and fidelity. This article will explore the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of both sapphire and lapis lazuli, the birthstones of September.
History and Lore
The association of gemstones with specific months and their attributed meanings dates back centuries. Sapphire’s history is particularly rich, with evidence of its reverence stretching back to ancient Greece and Rome. Ancient cultures believed blue sapphires offered protection from harm and envy. In the Middle Ages, sapphires were favored by the clergy, symbolizing Heaven, and were reputed to possess healing powers, including cures for plague boils and eye diseases, and even acting as an antidote to poison. Ancient Persians even held the belief that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its brilliant blue hue.
Lapis lazuli boasts an equally ancient pedigree, with its use documented as far back as 6500 years ago. Originating in the Afghan region, its use quickly spread throughout Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians prized lapis lazuli, referring to it as the “Stone of Rulers,” believing it brought wisdom, truth, and revealed inner insight. Cleopatra herself utilized powdered lapis lazuli as eyeshadow, and beautiful amulets and jewels crafted from the stone were discovered in the tomb of King Tutankhamun. Interestingly, historical texts sometimes incorrectly referred to lapis lazuli as sapphire, further intertwining the histories of these two September birthstones.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire, a variety of the mineral corundum, is renowned for its exceptional hardness and durability. While most commonly associated with blue hues, sapphires actually occur in a rainbow of colors, excluding red, which is reserved for ruby, another corundum variety. The formation of sapphires requires specific geological conditions, typically found in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Lapis lazuli, unlike sapphire, is not a single mineral but a metamorphic rock composed primarily of lazurite, along with pyrite and calcite. The distinctive blue color of lapis lazuli is derived from the lazurite component, with at least 25% lazurite required for a rock to be classified as lapis lazuli. The earliest known sources of lapis lazuli were located in the Afghan region, and it continues to be a significant source today. Historically, the stone spread from this region to Asia, the Middle East, and the Roman world.
Gemological Properties
Sapphire’s chemical formula is Al₂O₃ (aluminum oxide), and it registers a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals. This exceptional hardness contributes to its durability and suitability for use in jewelry. Sapphires exhibit a vitreous luster and can be found in a variety of cuts, including oval and pear shapes, as demonstrated in contemporary jewelry designs.
Lapis lazuli, with a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, is considerably softer than sapphire. This makes it more susceptible to scratching and abrasion, requiring careful handling and maintenance. Its composition includes lazurite, pyrite (which creates golden speckles), and calcite (which introduces white intrusions). Lapis lazuli exhibits an excellent polish and has been widely used in jewel making for centuries. It is sensitive to pressure, heat, and harsh cleaning agents.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties:
| Property | Sapphire | Lapis Lazuli |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ | Lazurite, Pyrite, Calcite |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 | 5-6 |
| Luster | Vitreous | Excellent Polish |
| Composition | Corundum | Metamorphic Rock |
| Primary Color | Blue (but varies) | Deep Blue |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, both sapphire and lapis lazuli have been imbued with symbolic meaning. Sapphire has traditionally symbolized sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Its association with royalty and the clergy further reinforced its connection to virtue and spiritual enlightenment. Modern interpretations often link sapphire to new beginnings, romance, and personal gifts.
Lapis lazuli, revered as a sacred gemstone since ancient times, is linked to wisdom, psychic powers, strength, courage, and royalty. It was believed to inspire honesty in communication and relieve feelings of anger and bleakness. The Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians considered it a stone of rulers, believing it facilitated access to divine wisdom.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its superior hardness, sapphire is relatively easy to care for. It can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled.
Lapis lazuli, being softer and more porous, requires more delicate care. Avoid harsh chemicals, abrasive cleaners, and prolonged exposure to heat or pressure. Cleaning should be done with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. It is advisable to avoid ultrasonic cleaners, as they may damage the stone.
September as a Month of Transition
The choice of sapphire and lapis lazuli as September birthstones may be linked to the symbolism of the month itself. September marks the beginning of autumn, a time of transition, change, and reflection. Sapphire, with its association with new beginnings and romance, embodies the promise of fresh starts. Lapis lazuli, with its connection to wisdom and inner insight, encourages contemplation and self-discovery. The calm and pleasant atmosphere of September, with its changing leaves and vibrant colors, aligns with the beauty and symbolism of both these remarkable gemstones.
Conclusion
Sapphire and lapis lazuli, the birthstones of September, represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and cultural significance. While sapphire enjoys widespread recognition as the primary September birthstone, lapis lazuli’s enduring legacy as a traditional alternative should not be overlooked. Both stones offer unique beauty, symbolic depth, and a connection to the ancient world, making them cherished gemstones for generations to come. Their enduring appeal lies not only in their aesthetic qualities but also in the beliefs and stories that have been woven around them for millennia.