August and September each boast captivating birthstones steeped in history and symbolism. While September is consistently represented by the sapphire, August uniquely features a trio: peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. This article will explore the origins, properties, and significance of these gemstones, drawing exclusively from available sources to provide a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and students of gemology.
A Historical Perspective
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with months of the year has evolved over time. Initially, many months shared a single birthstone, often based on availability and historical preference. Sardonyx holds the distinction of being the original birthstone for August, with a history stretching back over 4,000 years. Peridot gained prominence later, becoming the most widely recognized August stone, while spinel was a more recent addition to the list in 2016, offering greater variety for those born in that month. September, however, has a long-standing association with the sapphire, cherished for millennia.
Ancient civilizations attributed various powers to these stones. Ancient Greeks and Romans believed blue sapphires protected owners from harm and envy, while medieval Europeans thought sapphires could cure plague boils and eye diseases. Similarly, peridot was historically confused with emeralds and topaz, even appearing in significant historical collections under those misnomers, such as those belonging to Cleopatra and adorning the Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Cologne Cathedral.
Peridot: The Olive-Green Gem
Peridot, the primary birthstone for August, is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow variety of the mineral olivine. Its unique origin sets it apart: it is often found in hardened lava, carried from deep within the Earth’s mantle, and has even been discovered in meteorites. This extraterrestrial connection adds to its mystique. The name “peridot” is thought to derive from the Arabic word “faridat,” meaning “gem.”
Peridot’s color is its defining characteristic, ranging from lime green to olive green, with the most sought-after stones exhibiting vivid hues. It is often compared to Fancy Vivid Yellowish Green diamonds in terms of color resemblance. Historically, peridot was often mistaken for other gems, including emeralds and topaz, due to its similar appearance. It is traditionally given as a gift for 16th wedding anniversaries.
Spinel: A Recently Recognized Beauty
Spinel, a more recent addition to the August birthstone family, was historically mistaken for ruby, particularly red spinel. Only recently has it gained recognition as a distinct and valuable gemstone. Spinel is a type of mineral found in a variety of colors, including red, pink, blue, white, and black. It is harder than peridot, registering an 8 on the Mohs hardness scale, compared to peridot’s lower score.
Sardonyx: The Banded Stone
Sardonyx, the original August birthstone, is a variety of onyx characterized by reddish-brown bands interspersed with white layers. It is sourced from locations including India, Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, and Germany. While possessing historical significance, it differs in appearance from peridot, exhibiting a more stone-like rather than crystal-like quality.
Sapphire: September’s Timeless Gem
The September birthstone, sapphire, is a variety of the mineral corundum. While commonly associated with blue hues, sapphires actually come in a rainbow of colors. The term “sapphire” originates from the Greek word “sappheiros.” Blue sapphire remains the most popular color, but variations exist.
Sapphires have long symbolized sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Throughout history, they have adorned royalty and clergy, and were believed to possess healing properties, acting as an antidote to poison and curing various ailments. Ancient Persians even believed the earth rested on a giant sapphire, responsible for the sky’s blue color.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
The following table summarizes key gemological properties of the discussed birthstones:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color | Hardness (Mohs) | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peridot | Olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ | Yellowish-green to greenish-yellow | 6.5 - 7 | Hardened lava, meteorites |
| Spinel | MgAl₂O₄ | Red, pink, blue, white, black | 8 | Various locations |
| Sardonyx | SiO₂ (Onyx variety) | Reddish-brown with white bands | 6.5 - 7 | India, Brazil, Uruguay, USA, Germany |
| Sapphire | Al₂O₃ (Corundum) | Blue, but also various other colors | 9 | Various locations |
Geographic Sources
The sources of these gemstones are diverse. Peridot is found in hardened lava flows and meteorites, while sardonyx originates from locations like India, Brazil, and the United States. Spinel is sourced from various locations globally, and sapphire is found in numerous regions worldwide. The specific origins can influence a gemstone’s color and quality.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Each of these birthstones carries symbolic weight. Peridot symbolizes abundance, protection, and positivity. Sapphire represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. While specific metaphysical beliefs associated with spinel and sardonyx are less prominently documented in the provided sources, their historical use suggests they were valued for their aesthetic qualities and perceived protective properties.
Care and Cleaning
Due to their varying hardness levels, these gemstones require different care. Peridot, with a hardness of 6.5-7, is relatively soft and susceptible to scratching. Spinel, at 8 on the Mohs scale, is more durable. Sardonyx also falls within the 6.5-7 range, requiring careful handling. Sapphire, with a hardness of 9, is exceptionally durable.
Generally, cleaning these gemstones involves warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, especially for peridot and sardonyx. Regular cleaning will maintain their brilliance and luster.
Conclusion
The August and September birthstones – peridot, spinel, sardonyx, and sapphire – represent a rich tapestry of history, geological wonder, and symbolic meaning. From the extraterrestrial origins of peridot to the royal associations of sapphire, each gemstone offers a unique allure. Understanding their properties, origins, and significance enhances appreciation for these beautiful and enduring gifts from the earth.