Sapphire, the esteemed birthstone for September, is a gemstone steeped in history, symbolism, and enduring beauty. Renowned for its captivating blue color, though occurring in a spectrum of hues, sapphire has been cherished for millennia by royalty, clergy, and individuals alike. This article explores the geological origins, historical significance, gemological properties, and cultural lore surrounding this remarkable gemstone, offering a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand its enduring appeal.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is interwoven with tales of royalty, spirituality, and protection. Ancient civilizations, including those of Greece and Rome, held blue sapphires in high regard, believing they shielded wearers from harm and envy. Sources indicate that ancient Persian rulers even attributed the blue color of the sky to a giant sapphire upon which the earth rested. In medieval times, sapphires held a sacred place within the clergy, symbolizing Heaven and attracting heavenly blessings.
Throughout history, sapphire has been associated with sincerity, faithfulness, and nobility. This association is reflected in its continued use in royal regalia and as a symbol of commitment, traditionally gifted to celebrate the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries, with Star Sapphire reserved for the 65th. The name itself, derived from the Greek word “sapheiros” and Latin “sapphirus,” both meaning blue, underscores the gemstone’s long-standing connection to this vibrant color. Legends also suggest the sapphire possessed healing properties, with medieval Europeans believing it could cure plague boils and eye diseases, and even act as an antidote to poison.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). Pure corundum is colorless, but the presence of trace elements creates the diverse range of colors found in sapphires. The deep blue hue, most commonly associated with the gemstone, results from traces of iron and titanium. Red corundum is classified as ruby, a distinct and equally prized gemstone.
Historically, the most sought-after sapphires originated from the remote mountainous regions of Kashmir in northern India. Today, high-quality sapphires are sourced from several locations across Asia and Africa, including Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, and Madagascar. Commercial-grade sapphires are also found in East Africa, Australia, and even Montana, USA. The increasing demand for sapphires has also led to the development of lab-created alternatives, addressing ethical and environmental concerns associated with mining.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional durability and brilliance. Their key gemological properties include:
- Mineral: Corundum (Al₂O₃)
- Color: Primarily blue, but also pink, yellow, green, purple, and more.
- Hardness: 9 on the Mohs scale, second only to diamond.
- Transparency: Transparent to translucent.
- Refractive Index: 1.762-1.770
- Crystal System: Hexagonal
- Specific Gravity: 3.95-4.03
The hardness of sapphire, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale, makes it exceptionally resistant to scratching and abrasion, ideal for everyday wear in jewelry. A high-quality 1-carat blue sapphire can range in price from $3000 to $5000, though prices fluctuate based on color saturation, clarity, and cut. The emergence of “fancy sapphires” – those exhibiting colors other than blue – has broadened the appeal of this gemstone, with each hue carrying its own unique significance. Pink sapphires evoke romance, yellow sapphires radiate joy, and green sapphires embody the freshness of nature.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Refractive Index | 1.762-1.770 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.95-4.03 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, sapphire carries profound symbolic meaning. It is traditionally associated with wisdom, loyalty, and nobility. The gemstone is believed to represent clear thinking and mental acuity, fostering faithfulness and commitment in relationships. As the September birthstone, sapphire is thought to protect those born in this month from harm and envy.
The symbolism extends to astrological associations as well. Blue Sapphire is one of the Zodiac birthstones for Virgo (August 23 - September 23), while Lapis Lazuli is associated with Libra (September 24 - October 23). The brilliance of the blue sapphire is often linked to truth and sincerity, reflecting a pure and unwavering spirit.
Care and Cleaning
Sapphires are remarkably durable gemstones, but proper care is essential to maintain their brilliance. Their high hardness makes them suitable for everyday wear, but they can still be susceptible to damage from harsh impacts or abrasive materials.
Cleaning sapphires is relatively straightforward. Warm, soapy water and a soft brush are typically sufficient to remove dirt and grime. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners or harsh chemicals, as these can potentially damage the gemstone or any treatments it may have undergone. Regular cleaning will help preserve the sapphire’s luster and ensure its enduring beauty.
September’s Alternative Birthstone: Lapis Lazuli
While blue sapphire is the official September birthstone, Lapis Lazuli serves as a traditional alternative. Also occurring in a deep royal blue color, Lapis Lazuli shares a historical connection to royalty and spirituality. It was highly valued in ancient civilizations for its intense color and was often used in jewelry, ornamentation, and even pigments.
Conclusion
Sapphire remains a timeless and captivating gemstone, celebrated for its beauty, durability, and rich symbolism. From its ancient origins as a protector of royalty and a symbol of the heavens to its modern role as a cherished birthstone and a stunning addition to fine jewelry, sapphire continues to inspire and enchant. Its enduring legacy of truth, nobility, and a deep blue hue ensures its place as one of the world’s most beloved and treasured gemstones.