For millennia, the gemstone associated with September has captivated humanity with its rich hues and enduring symbolism. While most readily recognized for its deep blue variety, the September birthstone encompasses a spectrum of colors, all stemming from the mineral species corundum. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of sapphire, the celebrated birthstone of September.
History and Lore
The story of sapphire stretches back through the annals of time, interwoven with the beliefs and practices of diverse cultures. The name “sapphire” itself originates from the Greek term “sapheiros,” reflecting the stone’s long-held appeal. Ancient Greeks wore sapphires seeking guidance, while Hindus incorporated them into religious worship. Clergy in the Middle Ages valued sapphires for their association with Heaven, believing the gemstone symbolized fidelity and the soul. Ancient Persians held a particularly striking belief – that the earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue color.
Beyond its spiritual significance, sapphire was also attributed with healing properties. Medieval Europeans believed the September birthstone could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments, even serving as an antidote to poison. Its association with royalty and nobility is a consistent theme throughout history, adorning the robes of the elite in both Greece and Rome, and offering protection from harm and envy.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphire, a crystalline form of the mineral corundum, is born from metamorphic and igneous processes. The breathtaking blue hues of the most prized sapphires are a result of trace elements – iron and titanium – within the gem’s crystal structure. While blue is the most iconic color, sapphires can occur in a rainbow of shades, excluding red, which is classified as ruby. These “fancy colored” sapphires, such as pink, yellow, green, orange, and purple, derive their coloration from different trace elements.
Historically, Kashmir was a significant source of exceptional blue sapphires, discovered in the late 1800s following a landslide that revealed a rich deposit of large, high-quality crystals. However, today, prominent sources include Sri Lanka, Australia, Cambodia, and Thailand. Myanmar (formerly Burma) also holds historical importance as a source of fine sapphires.
Thailand plays a dual role, not only as a source of the gemstone but also as a major hub for cutting and treating sapphires. Miners in the Chanthaburi Province diligently search for sapphires amidst dense jungles, and gems from Myanmar and Cambodia are frequently transported there for processing before reaching Bangkok, a central point in the global gem trade. Additional deposits have been found in Madagascar, the United States (Montana’s Yogo Gulch), and various locations throughout Asia and Africa.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires belong to the corundum species, renowned for its exceptional hardness. Ranking nine on the Mohs scale of hardness, sapphire is surpassed only by diamond, making it exceptionally durable and suitable for everyday wear. This hardness contributes to its brilliance and resistance to scratching.
While the term “sapphire” generally refers to the blue variety, it’s crucial to understand that corundum encompasses a full spectrum of colors. Sapphires are evaluated based on hue, tone, and saturation. A sapphire’s color is a primary determinant of its value, with the most vivid and saturated blue sapphires commanding the highest prices. A high-quality 1-carat blue sapphire can cost between $3000 and $5000, though prices fluctuate daily.
Sapphires can also exhibit a rare optical phenomenon called asterism, presenting as a six-rayed star when the gem is cut en cabochon. This effect is caused by the presence of microscopic inclusions aligned within the crystal structure.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral Species | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide - Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Color | Blue (most common), but also pink, yellow, green, orange, purple |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
| Crystal System | Trigonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.770 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with profound symbolism. It traditionally represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Beyond these virtues, sapphires are considered protective gemstones, believed to shield the wearer from both physical harm and negative intentions.
Blue sapphires, in particular, are considered highly spiritual stones, historically worn by priests. The gemstone is also associated with medicinal properties, though these beliefs are rooted in historical folklore rather than scientific evidence. Sapphires are thought to promote clarity of thought and enhance intuition.
Care and Cleaning
The exceptional hardness of sapphire makes it a practical choice for jewelry worn daily. However, even this durable gemstone requires proper care to maintain its brilliance. Sapphires can withstand the rigors of everyday life, whether set in an engagement ring or delicate earrings.
While sapphires are resistant to scratching, they can still accumulate dirt and oils that diminish their luster. Cleaning is best achieved with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the gemstone or its setting. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with treated stones.
Conclusion
The September birthstone, sapphire, stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its ancient origins steeped in mythology and symbolism to its modern-day status as a prized possession, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, coupled with its breathtaking range of colors, ensures its place as a cherished gemstone for generations to come. Whether a classic blue sapphire or a vibrant fancy-colored variety, this September birthstone embodies beauty, strength, and a legacy of timeless elegance.