For those born in September, the sapphire reigns as the traditional and most recognized birthstone. Revered for millennia for its captivating beauty, exceptional durability, and profound symbolism, sapphire holds a prominent place in history, lore, and the world of gemstones. While typically associated with a rich, deep blue hue, sapphires actually occur in a remarkable spectrum of colors, making them a versatile and cherished gem. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and cultural significance of the September birthstone, sapphire.
History and Lore
The history of sapphire is deeply interwoven with tales of royalty, faith, and protection. Ancient civilizations held the gem in high esteem, believing it possessed remarkable powers. In ancient Greece and Rome, blue sapphires were thought to safeguard their wearers from harm and envy. Ancient Persians held a particularly grand belief, positing that the earth rested upon a colossal sapphire, which in turn colored the sky blue.
Medieval Europeans attributed healing properties to the September birthstone, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye ailments. It was also considered an effective antidote to poison. Clergy of the Middle Ages favored sapphires, associating the gem with Heaven and incorporating it into their vestments. The sapphire’s association with the divine continued through other cultures; in Islam, sapphires were among the precious stones adorning the seven heavens.
Even more dramatically, some legends claim the Ten Commandments were inscribed on tablets of sapphire, highlighting the gem’s perceived strength and enduring nature. The standardization of sapphire as the September birthstone occurred in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America), solidifying its place in modern birthstone tradition.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, composed of aluminum oxide. The vibrant colors of sapphire arise from trace elements within the crystal structure. Blue sapphires derive their color from the presence of titanium and iron. Other trace elements, such as vanadium, chromium, and magnesium, create the “fancy” sapphire colors, including pink, purple, yellow, green, and white. When chromium is present in high concentrations, the corundum is classified as ruby, rather than sapphire.
While blue is the most well-known color, sapphires exhibit a remarkable range. Some sapphires even display color change properties, shifting hues depending on the light source due to the absorption and refraction of light caused by vanadium content.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their exceptional hardness, ranking 9 on the Mohs scale – second only to diamond. This durability makes them ideal for everyday wear. Sapphires typically exhibit a hexagonal crystal system.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide) |
| Chemical Formula | Al₂O₃ |
| Color | Blue (most common), pink, purple, yellow, green, white, black |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Crystal System | Hexagonal |
| Refractive Index | 1.762 - 1.778 |
| Specific Gravity | 3.99 - 4.00 |
The refractive index of sapphire falls between 1.762 and 1.778, contributing to its brilliance. Its specific gravity ranges from 3.99 to 4.00. Sapphires are found in various geological settings, including metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, sapphire has been imbued with rich symbolism. It is traditionally associated with sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. These qualities have made it a popular choice for engagement rings, symbolizing enduring love and commitment. Sapphires also commemorate the 5th and 45th wedding anniversaries.
Beyond its association with romantic love, sapphire is believed to promote wisdom, loyalty, and focus. In some traditions, it is thought to protect against negative energies and foster inner peace. Astrologers associate sapphire, referred to as “Neelam Stone,” with the planet Saturn, believing it can influence an individual’s finances and protect against envy. Some believe wearing a sapphire can unlock multiple sources of income and safeguard against harm.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively durable gemstone. However, it is still susceptible to damage from sharp blows or abrasives. To maintain its brilliance, sapphires should be cleaned regularly with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic cleaners are generally safe for untreated sapphires, but caution should be exercised with stones that have been fracture-filled or heat-treated. Avoid harsh chemicals and abrasive cleaners, as these can damage the surface of the gem.
Historical Alternatives and Zodiac Connections
While sapphire is the primary September birthstone, historical birthstone charts and zodiac associations recognize other gems for this month. Lapis lazuli, with its opaque blue flecked with gold, was featured in older birthstone lists and was highly prized in ancient Egypt as a symbol of wisdom and divine favor. Peridot, now associated with August, was sometimes linked to September in Europe before the 1912 standardization. For those born under the Virgo zodiac sign (late August to September), moonstone is often recommended, symbolizing intuition, balance, and reflection.
Conclusion
Sapphire, the September birthstone, is a gem of enduring beauty, rich history, and profound symbolism. From its ancient associations with royalty and divine protection to its modern role as a symbol of love and commitment, sapphire continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, combined with its stunning array of colors, ensures its place as one of the most cherished gemstones in the world. Whether admired for its aesthetic appeal or its metaphysical properties, the sapphire remains a timeless treasure for those born in September and beyond.