Sapphire, the captivating birthstone for September, has held a place of prominence in human history for millennia. Revered for its rich hues, particularly its velvety blues, this gemstone symbolizes nobility, truth, and faithfulness. While most commonly associated with blue, sapphires occur in a spectrum of colors, making them a versatile and highly sought-after gem. This article will delve into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, symbolism, and care of this remarkable stone, drawing upon centuries of lore and modern gemological understanding.
History and Lore
Throughout history, sapphire has been intrinsically linked to royalty and the elite. Ancient Greeks believed sapphires offered protection from harm, while ancient Persians held the belief that the Earth rested upon a giant sapphire, imbuing the sky with its characteristic blue color. These early civilizations also attributed healing properties to the stone, suggesting it could treat plagues and act as an antidote to poisons.
Medieval Europeans continued to embrace sapphire’s purported medicinal benefits, believing it could cure plague boils and alleviate eye diseases. Clerics of the Middle Ages valued sapphires as symbols of Heaven, incorporating them into their robes. The gem’s association with nobility and truthfulness solidified its position as a stone of high regard.
More recently, notable sapphires have captured public imagination. The Rockefeller Sapphire, a 62.02-carat rectangular step-cut stone originating from Myanmar, exemplifies the gem’s enduring appeal. Perhaps the most famous sapphire today is the 12-carat blue gem at the center of Princess Diana’s engagement ring, now worn by Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, further cementing sapphire’s romantic and regal associations.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sapphires are a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) crystal. Ruby is also a variety of corundum, distinguished by its red color, caused by the presence of chromium. The various colors of sapphire are due to trace elements within the corundum structure.
Historically significant sources of sapphires include Kashmir, Myanmar (formerly Burma), and Sri Lanka. Kashmir sapphires are particularly prized for their exceptional color and velvety appearance. Myanmar continues to be a source of fine sapphires, often sent to Thailand for cutting and treatment. Sri Lanka also remains an important producer.
However, sapphire deposits are now found across the globe. Significant quantities have been discovered in Australia, Thailand, Cambodia, Madagascar, and even the United States, specifically in Montana. Thailand serves not only as a mining location but also as a major cutting and treatment center for sapphires sourced from neighboring countries like Myanmar and Cambodia, as well as other regions.
Gemological Properties
Sapphires are renowned for their durability and beauty. Ranking 9 on the Mohs scale of hardness, they are exceptionally resistant to scratching, making them ideal for everyday wear, particularly in rings. They also possess excellent toughness and lack cleavage, meaning they are unlikely to split or break when subjected to impact.
While blue is the most recognizable sapphire color, these gems occur in a wide range of hues, including pink, violet, and even colorless. The most valuable sapphires are typically those with a velvety blue or violet color.
Sapphires are often subjected to treatments to enhance their color or clarity. Heat treatment is a common and widely accepted practice, permanently improving the gem’s appearance. Other treatments, such as lattice diffusion, fracture filling, and dyeing, are less common and may require special care during cleaning. It is crucial to inquire about any treatments a sapphire has undergone before purchase.
Here's a summary of key gemological properties:
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
| Mineral | Corundum (Aluminum Oxide - Al₂O₃) |
| Hardness (Mohs) | 9 |
| Toughness | Excellent |
| Cleavage | None |
| Color | Blue, Pink, Violet, Colorless, and more |
| Luster | Vitreous (glass-like) |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
The symbolism associated with sapphire is rich and varied. Traditionally, the September birthstone represents sincerity, truth, faithfulness, and nobility. Its long association with royalty reinforces its symbolism of power and prestige.
In astrological traditions, particularly in Indian astrology, sapphire (referred to as “Neelam Stone”) is linked to the planet Saturn. Astrologers believe that wearing a blue sapphire can positively impact the wearer’s finances, opening up multiple avenues for wealth. However, caution is advised when selecting and wearing a sapphire for astrological purposes, considering its potent energy.
Beyond financial benefits, sapphires have been worn for centuries to protect against harm, envy, and the malicious intentions of others. The gem is believed to foster clear thinking, enhance intuition, and promote inner peace.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its exceptional hardness, sapphire is a relatively easy gemstone to care for. Warm, soapy water is generally a safe and effective cleaning method. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are typically safe for untreated, heat-treated, and lattice diffusion-treated sapphires. However, fracture-filled or dyed sapphires require more delicate handling and should only be cleaned with a damp cloth.
It’s important to avoid exposing sapphires to harsh chemicals, such as acids (even mild ones like lemon juice), which can damage treated stones. Regular cleaning will help maintain the sapphire’s brilliance and beauty for generations to come. Always inquire about any treatments the sapphire has undergone to ensure appropriate care.
Conclusion
Sapphire stands as a testament to the enduring allure of gemstones. From its historical associations with royalty and healing to its modern appeal as a symbol of fidelity and truth, this September birthstone continues to captivate and inspire. Its exceptional durability, combined with its stunning range of colors, makes it a cherished gem for jewelry and a significant stone in the world of gemology. The sapphire’s legacy, woven through centuries of lore and scientific understanding, ensures its continued prominence as one of the world’s most beloved and valuable gemstones.