August boasts a unique distinction among the calendar months: it is represented by not one, but three captivating birthstones – peridot, spinel, and sardonyx. Each gem carries its own rich history, distinct properties, and symbolic meaning, offering those born in August a diverse selection to choose from. While peridot holds a traditional prominence, spinel has recently gained recognition as an official August birthstone, joining the long-established sardonyx, a gem with roots stretching back millennia. This article will delve into the geological origins, historical significance, gemological characteristics, and cultural symbolism of these three August birthstones.
History and Lore
Sardonyx claims the longest history of the three, with evidence of its use dating back over 4,000 years. Ancient civilizations, including those in Egypt, Greece, and Rome, highly valued this banded gemstone. In ancient Rome, sardonyx was frequently crafted into seal rings used for signing letters and authenticating documents. Egyptians fashioned it into amulets, believing it offered protection to the wearer. Its use continued into medieval Europe, where it was incorporated into signet rings symbolizing authority.
Spinel’s history is somewhat more complex. For centuries, this vibrant gemstone was often mistaken for ruby, particularly red spinel. It wasn’t until the 19th century that gemologists developed the ability to differentiate spinel from ruby based on its refractive index and chemical composition. This misidentification contributed to spinel being underappreciated for a considerable period. It was officially added as an August birthstone in 2016 by the American Gem Trade Association, reflecting a growing appreciation for its unique beauty and rarity.
Peridot also boasts a long and storied past, often being confused with other green gems like emerald and topaz. The Red Sea island of Topazios, historically believed to be a source of topaz, actually yielded significant quantities of peridot. Some historians even speculate that Cleopatra’s famed emerald collection may have consisted largely of peridot. The Shrine of the Three Holy Kings in Germany’s Cologne Cathedral is adorned with 200 carats of gems once thought to be emeralds, but now identified as peridot.
Geological Formation and Sources
Sardonyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. Its distinctive appearance arises from the combination of sard, a reddish-brown variety, and onyx, a banded variety typically featuring black and white layers. Sardonyx is sourced from various locations worldwide, including India, which is particularly renowned for its excellent color-layer contrast. Other sources include Brazil, Uruguay, the United States, Germany, Greece, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Pakistan, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Latin America.
Spinel’s formation occurs in metamorphic rocks and alluvial deposits. It is found in a wide range of colors, including red, orange, pink, purple, blue, and black. Specific mining locations are not detailed in the provided sources beyond a general mention of its presence in various regions.
Peridot originates under extreme conditions, forming deep within the Earth’s mantle and being brought to the surface through volcanic activity, often found in hardened lava. It is also found in meteorites, a testament to its extraterrestrial origins. The sources do not specify particular mining locations for peridot.
Gemological Properties
Sardonyx, with a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, exhibits a main body color of brown, red, or orange, often displaying striking white or black onyx stripes.
Spinel is an oxide mineral with a chemical formula of MgAl2O4 and a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale. It is a multicolored gemstone, appearing in shades of red, pink, blue, orange, black, and green. Its refractive index is 1.718, and its specific gravity is 3.60. The name “Spinel” is thought to derive from the Latin word “Spina,” meaning thorn, referencing its spine-shaped crystals.
Peridot is the yellowish-green to greenish-yellow gem variety of the mineral olivine. The sources do not provide specific gemological data for peridot beyond its color range.
The following table summarizes the key gemological properties of sardonyx and spinel, as provided in the sources:
| Gemstone | Chemical Formula | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) | Refractive Index | Specific Gravity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sardonyx | N/A (Chalcedony) | 6.5-7 | Brownish-red, orange, with white banding | N/A | N/A |
| Spinel | MgAl2O4 | 8 | Red, pink, blue, orange, black, green | 1.718 | 3.60 |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Sardonyx is considered a symbol of protection, courage, happiness, and communication. Ancient Roman soldiers wore sardonyx into battle, believing it enhanced courage and determination. It is also believed to possess healing properties, balancing energy and promoting physical health.
Spinel is viewed as a symbol of energy and vitality. Red spinel embodies passion and strength, while blue spinel represents calmness and wisdom. In India, spinel is believed to have protective properties, warding off negative energy and fostering mental peace. It is also associated with the 22nd wedding anniversary, representing a “stone of immortality” and best wishes for marriage.
Peridot is associated with self-worth, clarity, and good fortune. It is believed to protect against negativity and enhance inner strength.
Care and Cleaning
Due to its hardness of 6.5-7, sardonyx requires careful handling to avoid scratches. Cleaning can be performed with warm, soapy water and a soft cloth.
Spinel, with a hardness of 8, is more durable and can withstand regular wear. It can be cleaned using warm, soapy water and a soft brush.
The sources do not provide specific cleaning instructions for peridot. However, given its similar hardness to sardonyx, similar care should be taken.
Conclusion
Peridot, spinel, and sardonyx each offer a unique and compelling choice for those born in August. Sardonyx, with its ancient history and protective symbolism, provides a connection to the past. Spinel, recently recognized as an official birthstone, embodies vitality and passion. Peridot, with its vibrant green hue and association with clarity and good fortune, offers a refreshing and uplifting energy. The availability of three distinct birthstones allows individuals born in August to select a gem that resonates with their personal style and beliefs, celebrating their birth month with a gemstone of enduring beauty and significance.