Birthstones, as the name suggests, are gemstones associated with the month of a person’s birth. These precious colored stones are believed to bestow fortunes and strengthen fortitude upon those born within their corresponding month. Their captivating beauty and varied colors make them highly desirable, frequently incorporated into jewelry designs as treasured and sentimental gifts. The history of birthstones is a long and fascinating one, evolving from ancient traditions to modern standardization.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstones can be traced back to biblical times, with historians suggesting a connection to the twelve gemstones adorning Aaron’s breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were not merely decorative; they were believed to possess specific powers and were worn as talismans or for therapeutic benefits. Over centuries, these gemstones transitioned into the modern birthstone system, with lists evolving and adapting across different cultures and regions.
Historically, some regions recognized different birthstones than others, leading to variations in traditional lists. The standardization of modern birthstones occurred in 1912 by the Jewelers of America, though these lists have been updated over time to include newly discovered and popular gemstones. The existence of both traditional and modern birthstone lists provides a wider range of choices for individuals seeking a gemstone with personal significance.
Traditional and Modern Lists
The assignment of gemstones to specific months isn’t always consistent. Some months boast multiple birthstones, reflecting historical variations, recent gemological discoveries, and a desire to offer diverse options based on budget and preference. For example, December is associated with Tanzanite, Zircon, and Turquoise, offering choices ranging in price and rarity. Similarly, June has both Pearl and Moonstone as traditional birthstones, alongside the more recently added Alexandrite as a modern option.
Here’s a chart summarizing both traditional and modern birthstones by month, based on available information:
| Month | Traditional Birthstone(s) | Modern Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Bloodstone | Aquamarine, Bloodstone (UK) |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Sardonyx | Sardonyx, Peridot, Spinel |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise | Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite |
Gemological Properties and Notable Stones
While a comprehensive gemological analysis of each birthstone is beyond the scope of available information, some key properties and characteristics can be highlighted.
Garnet, the birthstone for January, is most commonly recognized for its deep red hues, though it can also appear in shades of purple, pink, green, yellow, orange, and even black or clear.
Amethyst, February’s birthstone, is prized for its rich, deep purple color. The intensity of the color directly impacts its value.
Aquamarine, a March birthstone, offers soothing marine-like fluorescence.
Diamond, the April birthstone, is renowned for its exceptional hardness and brilliance.
Emerald, the May birthstone, is celebrated for its vibrant green color.
Pearl, a June birthstone, is an organic gemstone formed within mollusks, valued for its luster and iridescence. Moonstone, also for June, exhibits a unique adularescence, a shimmering effect. Alexandrite, the third June birthstone, is a color-changing gem.
Ruby, the July birthstone, is known for its intense red color.
Peridot, one of August’s birthstones, is an olive-green gemstone. Spinel and Sardonyx also represent August.
Sapphire, the September birthstone, is most commonly associated with blue hues, but can also occur in various other colors.
Opal, the October birthstone, is known for its play-of-color, a unique display of iridescent flashes. Tourmaline is also a modern October birthstone.
Topaz and Citrine, both November birthstones, are abundant and relatively affordable. Topaz can be found in various colors, including yellow, blue, and colorless. Citrine is typically yellow to brownish-orange.
Turquoise, Zircon, and Tanzanite represent December. Turquoise is famed for its robin’s egg blue color, while Zircon can be a convincing diamond alternative. Tanzanite is a relatively recent discovery and is often used in place of sapphire. Blue Topaz is also associated with December.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, birthstones have been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Early beliefs centered around the idea that wearing a birthstone could offer protection or therapeutic benefits. For example, early history signified blue topaz with protection and safeguarding loved ones. Yellow topaz, governed by the planet Jupiter, is regarded as a jewel of harmony and hospitality, strengthening faith and optimism. Turquoise, a December birthstone, has long been associated with good fortune and protection. Garnet, the January birthstone, is linked to traits such as love, loyalty, and strength.
Price and Availability
The price of birthstones can vary significantly depending on factors such as color, clarity, cut, carat weight, and rarity. Some birthstones, like Topaz and Citrine, are relatively abundant and affordable. Others, like Tanzanite and Diamond, are considerably more expensive due to their rarity and desirability. The inclusion of multiple birthstones for some months allows individuals to choose an option that aligns with their budget and preferences. For example, December offers Blue Topaz as a more affordable option, while Tanzanite represents a more luxurious choice.
Care and Cleaning
The appropriate care and cleaning methods for a birthstone depend on its specific properties. Generally, most birthstones can be cleaned with warm, soapy water and a soft brush. However, some stones, like pearls and opals, are more delicate and require special care. Diamonds, being the hardest gemstone, are relatively durable but should still be protected from scratches and harsh chemicals. It is always advisable to consult with a professional jeweler for specific cleaning recommendations based on the type of birthstone.
Conclusion
Birthstones represent a captivating blend of history, geology, and cultural significance. From their ancient origins as talismans to their modern role as cherished gifts, these gemstones continue to fascinate and inspire. The diverse range of birthstones available, coupled with their unique properties and symbolic meanings, ensures that there is a gemstone to resonate with every individual. Whether chosen for their aesthetic beauty, historical significance, or perceived metaphysical properties, birthstones remain a timeless and meaningful expression of personal connection and celebration.