December boasts a remarkable array of birthstones – Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise – offering a spectrum of color and meaning for those born in the final month of the year. Historically, December’s gemstone associations have evolved, with ancient traditions favoring Turquoise and Zircon, while modern lists include the more recently discovered Tanzanite and the popular Blue Topaz. This article delves into the history, geological origins, gemological properties, and symbolism of these captivating stones, providing a comprehensive overview for enthusiasts and those seeking to understand the significance of December’s birthstones.
History and Lore
The tradition of associating gemstones with specific months, and even zodiac signs, dates back to ancient times. Early civilizations believed that wearing the correct stone at the right time could bestow various powers upon the wearer. This practice evolved into the modern tradition of birthstones, where individuals choose to wear a gem corresponding to their birth month as a symbol of good fortune and personal connection.
Turquoise and Zircon have the longest-standing association with December. Turquoise, prized for millennia, was revered in ancient Egypt and Persia for its protective qualities. Evidence suggests its use as early as 3000 BCE. Lapis Lazuli, also considered a traditional December birthstone, was associated with wisdom and royalty, believed to enhance intellectual abilities. Zircon, one of the oldest minerals on Earth, has a rich historical and geological value.
While Turquoise and Zircon held prominence for centuries, the 20th and 21st centuries saw the addition of Blue Topaz and Tanzanite to the December birthstone family. Blue Topaz gained popularity for its serene color, while Tanzanite, discovered in 1967, quickly became sought after for its unique blue-violet hues and rarity. The inclusion of multiple birthstones for December allows for a wider range of choices based on color preference, price point, and personal meaning.
Geological Formation and Sources
Each of December’s birthstones originates through distinct geological processes and is found in specific locations around the globe.
Turquoise, a semi-translucent gem composed of copper and aluminum phosphate, forms through chemical interactions between acidic groundwater and minerals containing aluminum and phosphorus. This process occurs in arid regions.
Zircon is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, forming in igneous rocks and metamorphic environments. Its widespread occurrence means it can be found in various locations globally.
Blue Topaz is a variety of topaz, an aluminum silicate fluoride hydroxide, that owes its color to trace amounts of impurities. Topaz forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks, often in pegmatites.
Tanzanite, uniquely, is found in only one location worldwide: the Merelani Hills of Tanzania, near Mount Kilimanjaro. This exclusivity contributes to its value and desirability. It is a blue to violet variety of the mineral zoisite.
Gemological Properties
The four December birthstones exhibit a range of gemological properties that contribute to their individual characteristics and appeal.
Turquoise: This gem typically presents in shades of blue-green, though color variations exist. It is relatively opaque and possesses a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
Blue Zircon: Zircon displays a brilliant fire and a range of colors, including blue. It has a hardness of 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs scale and a high refractive index, contributing to its sparkle.
Blue Topaz: Topaz, including the blue variety, has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable. Its refractive index is also notable, giving it a bright luster.
Tanzanite: Tanzanite is known for its trichroism, meaning it displays three different colors (blue, violet, and burgundy) depending on the viewing angle. It has a hardness of 6-7 on the Mohs scale.
The following table summarizes key gemological properties:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Hardness (Mohs) | Color(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Copper Aluminum Phosphate | 5-6 | Blue-Green |
| Blue Zircon | Zirconium Silicate (ZrSiO₄) | 6.5-7.5 | Blue |
| Blue Topaz | Aluminum Silicate Fluoride | 8 | Blue |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | 6-7 | Blue, Violet, Burgundy |
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with specific meanings and metaphysical properties.
Turquoise has long been considered a symbol of protection, peace, health, and good fortune. It was believed to instill inner calm and foster creativity.
Zircon has been associated with prosperity and wisdom. Some believe it can promote restful sleep and ward off negative energy.
Blue Topaz is often linked to communication, loyalty, and affection. It is thought to promote clarity of thought and emotional stability.
Tanzanite is believed to enhance intuition and spiritual awareness. Its unique color is associated with transformation and positive energy.
These symbolic associations contribute to the enduring appeal of December’s birthstones, making them meaningful gifts and personal adornments.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of December’s birthstones.
Turquoise, being relatively soft, is susceptible to scratches and damage from harsh chemicals. It should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and harsh cleaning agents.
Blue Zircon requires gentle cleaning with a soft brush and mild soapy water. Avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight, as it can fade the color.
Blue Topaz is durable enough for regular wear, but it should still be protected from scratches and impacts. Cleaning can be done with warm soapy water and a soft brush.
Tanzanite is also relatively delicate and should be cleaned with a soft cloth and mild soapy water. Avoid ultrasonic cleaners and steam cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Due to its sensitivity to heat, avoid sudden temperature changes.
Conclusion
December’s birthstones – Blue Zircon, Blue Topaz, Tanzanite, and Turquoise – represent a diverse and captivating collection of gemstones. From the ancient lore surrounding Turquoise and Zircon to the modern appeal of Blue Topaz and the exclusivity of Tanzanite, each stone offers a unique blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. Understanding their geological origins, gemological properties, and proper care ensures that these treasured gems can be enjoyed for generations to come. The variety offered by December’s birthstones allows individuals to choose a gem that resonates with their personal style and beliefs, making them truly special and meaningful adornments.