December is a unique month in the world of gemstones, distinguished by the presence of not one, but four recognized birthstones: turquoise, tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz. Each gem possesses a distinct character, history, and symbolism, offering those born in December a diverse selection to reflect their individual personalities and aesthetic preferences. This article will delve into the origins, properties, and significance of each of these December birthstones, drawing upon available historical and gemological information.
A Quartet of Color
The tradition of associating specific gemstones with each month of the year dates back centuries, evolving over time. While some months maintain a single, consistent birthstone, December stands out with its quartet of options. This multiplicity allows for a broader range of choices, catering to different tastes and beliefs. The National Association of Jewellers formally recognized turquoise as a December birthstone in 1912, establishing a long-standing tradition. Later, tanzanite and zircon were added, reflecting discoveries and evolving preferences, with blue topaz serving as a modern alternative.
History and Lore: Ancient Roots and Modern Discoveries
The historical significance of these stones varies considerably. Turquoise boasts the longest and most deeply rooted history, prized by ancient civilizations for millennia. Egyptians, Aztecs, and Native American cultures all held turquoise in high regard, utilizing it in jewelry, amulets, and ceremonial objects. The Aztecs referred to it as “chalchihuitl,” while the ancient Greeks called it “Callais.” Native American tribes, particularly the Pueblo and Hopi, connected turquoise to the natural world, associating its color with the sky and earth-dwelling lizards, respectively. Turquoise was even carved into representations of animals and birds revered by tribes, demonstrating its sacred status.
Zircon, conversely, is one of the oldest minerals on Earth, with specimens dating back 4.4 billion years. While its historical uses are less documented than turquoise, ancient folklore suggests it could ward off evil and illness. The name itself, though, has sometimes led to confusion, as it is not related to the alien concept popularized in science fiction.
Tanzanite and blue topaz represent more recent additions to the December birthstone family. Tanzanite was only discovered in Tanzania in 1967, quickly gaining popularity due to its unique blue-violet hue and relative rarity – it is found nowhere else in the world. Blue topaz, while naturally occurring in colorless form, is often treated to achieve its vibrant blue shades, making it a more accessible and commercially available option.
Geological Formation and Sources
The geological origins of these birthstones are as diverse as their histories. Turquoise is an opaque, blue-green mineral composed of hydrated copper phosphate and aluminum, forming in arid regions through a process of weathering and secondary enrichment of copper-bearing rocks.
Zircon forms in igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks, and can be found in a variety of colors, though blue is the most popular for December birthstone jewelry.
Tanzanite’s unique origin in the Merelani Hills of Tanzania contributes to its rarity. It forms within metamorphic rocks, specifically gneiss, and requires specific geological conditions for its creation.
Blue topaz, in its natural state, is colorless and forms in igneous rocks. The blue coloration is typically achieved through irradiation and heat treatment, altering the stone’s appearance.
Gemological Properties: A Comparative Overview
Each of these December birthstones possesses distinct gemological properties. The following table summarizes key characteristics:
| Gemstone | Chemical Composition | Color(s) | Hardness (Mohs) | Transparency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turquoise | Hydrated Copper Aluminum Phosphate | Blue-Green | 5-6 | Opaque |
| Tanzanite | Calcium Aluminum Silicate | Blue-Violet | 6.5-7 | Transparent |
| Zircon | Zirconium Silicate | Blue (most popular) | 6.5-7.5 | Transparent |
| Blue Topaz | Aluminum Silicate Fluoride | Various Blue Shades | 8 | Transparent |
Blue topaz stands out for its durability, boasting a Mohs hardness of 8, making it suitable for everyday wear in rings and bracelets. Turquoise, with a hardness of 5-6, is more susceptible to scratching and requires more careful handling. Tanzanite and zircon fall in the middle range, requiring reasonable care to maintain their brilliance. Zircon’s high refractive index contributes to its exceptional sparkle and fire.
Symbolism and Metaphysical Beliefs
Throughout history, each of these gemstones has been attributed with various symbolic meanings and metaphysical properties. Turquoise has long been associated with protection, peace, and good fortune. It was believed to encourage integrity and self-respect, promoting serenity and peace of mind.
Zircon is thought to promote wisdom and prosperity, while also warding off negative energies.
Tanzanite is often linked to transformation and spiritual awareness, facilitating intuition and personal growth.
Blue topaz is associated with clear communication and emotional stability.
These beliefs, while not scientifically proven, contribute to the enduring appeal of these gemstones and their significance as birthstones.
Care and Cleaning
Proper care is essential to maintain the beauty and longevity of these December birthstones. Blue topaz, due to its hardness, is relatively easy to care for, requiring only mild soap and warm water for cleaning. Turquoise, being softer, is more prone to scratching and should be cleaned gently with a soft cloth and mild soap. Avoid harsh chemicals and ultrasonic cleaners, as they can damage the stone. Tanzanite and zircon also benefit from gentle cleaning with mild soap and warm water. It is advisable to have these gemstones professionally cleaned and inspected periodically to ensure their continued brilliance and structural integrity.
Conclusion
The four birthstones of December – turquoise, tanzanite, zircon, and blue topaz – represent a captivating blend of history, beauty, and symbolism. From the ancient origins of turquoise to the modern discovery of tanzanite, each gem offers a unique connection to the past and present. Their diverse properties and meanings provide a wealth of options for those born in December, allowing them to choose a stone that resonates with their individual spirit and style. These gems continue to captivate and inspire, solidifying their place as treasured symbols of December and beyond.