The concept of associating gemstones with specific months, known as birthstones, has a rich and evolving history. While the practice dates back to ancient times, the standardized birthstone chart used in the United States is a relatively modern creation, undergoing several revisions to reflect changing tastes and discoveries. This article will explore the history of birthstones in the US, detailing the progression from traditional associations to the official lists established by the National Association of Jewelers (now Jewelers of America) and subsequent amendments by the American Gem Trade Association. It will also examine the current modern birthstone chart, cultural variations, and the enduring appeal of these colorful gems.
History and Lore
The origins of birthstones can be traced to biblical times, with historians suggesting a connection to the twelve gemstones adorning Aaron’s breastplate, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. These stones were believed to possess specific powers and were worn as talismans or for therapeutic benefits. Over centuries, these associations evolved, leading to the development of traditional birthstones for each month.
However, the standardization of birthstones in the United States didn’t occur until 1912, when the National Association of Jewelers established the first official chart. This provided a consistent list for jewelers and consumers alike. This initial chart was not static; it underwent a significant revision in 1952, adding alexandrite for June, citrine for November, and pink tourmaline for October as alternative options. Further adjustments followed, demonstrating a willingness to adapt the list to incorporate newly discovered or increasingly popular gemstones. In 2002, the American Gem Trade Association added tanzanite as a December birthstone, marking the first change in fifty years. Most recently, in 2016, spinel was added as an additional birthstone for August, alongside peridot and sardonyx.
It’s important to note that birthstone traditions vary across cultures. The British chart, for example, includes bloodstone for March and rock crystal for April as alternatives. The Hindu Ayurvedic system bases its gemstone associations on astrological signs rather than calendar months, while the Tibetan mystical chart features stones with unique spiritual significance. These variations highlight the diverse cultural interpretations of gemstone symbolism.
The Modern and Traditional Charts
The modern birthstone chart is the most widely recognized version, featuring one primary gemstone per month. However, six months—January, February, March, August, November, and December—have more than one official birthstone, offering a wider range of choices. The official US birthstone chart has been amended several times since its inception in 1912.
A comparison between traditional and modern birthstones reveals the evolution of these associations.
| Month | Traditional Birthstone(s) | Modern Birthstone(s) |
|---|---|---|
| January | Garnet | Garnet |
| February | Amethyst | Amethyst |
| March | Bloodstone | Aquamarine, Bloodstone (UK) |
| April | Diamond | Diamond |
| May | Emerald | Emerald |
| June | Pearl, Moonstone | Pearl, Moonstone, Alexandrite |
| July | Ruby | Ruby |
| August | Sardonyx | Sardonyx, Peridot, Spinel |
| September | Sapphire | Sapphire |
| October | Opal | Opal, Tourmaline |
| November | Topaz | Topaz, Citrine |
| December | Turquoise | Turquoise, Zircon, Tanzanite |
The traditional birthstones are rooted in historical and cultural origins, while the modern birthstones were standardized by the Jewelers of America and have been updated over time to reflect changing preferences and gemstone availability.
National Birthstone Trends and Popularity
Analyzing birth records from the CDC and Google Trends data reveals interesting insights into birthstone popularity across the United States. Nationally, peridot (August) is the most common birthstone, reflecting the fact that August has the highest number of births. Ruby (July), sapphire (September), opal (October), pearl (June), emerald (May), turquoise (December), aquamarine (March), garnet (January), topaz (November), diamond (April), and amethyst (February) follow in descending order of commonality.
However, commonality doesn’t necessarily equate to popularity. Google Trends data indicates that diamond (April) is the most popular birthstone in twenty states, demonstrating its enduring appeal. Amethyst (February) is favored in seven states, potentially influenced by the active crystal and gemstone markets in the Southwest. Aquamarine (March) is also popular in seven states, possibly resonating with coastal regions and their association with the ocean. Ruby (July) and topaz (November) also enjoy significant popularity in certain regions.
Interestingly, amethyst is the rarest birthstone in nearly every state, likely due to February being the shortest month of the year. Diamond is the only other birthstone to be the rarest in any state, highlighting its perceived value and desirability.
Birthstones as a Cultural Bridge
Birthstones transcend geographical boundaries and resonate with people on a deeply personal level. In India, the Navaratna, a traditional arrangement of nine gemstones, incorporates several birthstones believed to bring harmony and balance. This demonstrates how birthstones serve as a universal language, blending cultural motifs with contemporary styles in jewelry design. The concept of birthstones has become a symbol of cultural unity in an increasingly globalized world, offering a way for individuals to express their heritage while participating in a shared global tradition.
Conclusion
The story of birthstones in the United States is one of evolution, adaptation, and cultural exchange. From ancient origins to the standardized charts of the modern era, these gemstones have held a special place in human tradition and symbolism. The ongoing revisions to the official birthstone list demonstrate a commitment to reflecting changing tastes and discoveries, while the enduring popularity of certain stones—like the diamond—highlights their timeless appeal. Ultimately, birthstones represent more than just beautiful gems; they are a connection to history, culture, and personal identity.